Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Beenakker's formula, $U(φ)-U(0)=Δ\sum_n\bigl(1-\sqrt{1-τ_n\sin^2(φ/2)}\bigr)$, expresses the zero-temperature energy-phase relation of a short Josephson junction through its normal-state transmission eigenvalues. We generalize this transmission representation beyond the short-junction limit and express the phase-dependent free energy of a time-reversal-symmetric $s$-wave junction as a Matsubara sum over channels with frequency-dependent transmissions. The representation constrains the small-phase expansion of the free energy. In particular, we prove that the normalized ratio of its quartic and quadratic coefficients satisfies $-1\leα_r\le7/80$ at finite temperature. We also construct a four-site junction with $α_r>0$, which disproves the conjectured upper bound $α_r\le0$. So that these results can be trusted without repeating the derivations, every numbered equation is formally verified in the Lean proof assistant.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Author: Akhmerov, Anton R.
Institution: Delft University of Technology
Language: English
Subfield: Condensed Matter Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7222256383