Statistical Mechanics of Spike Trains: Self-Consistent Activity Ensembles and Phase Transitions
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: We introduce a statistical-mechanical framework for spiking neuronal systems in which entire spike trains, defined as spatiotemporal configurations of discrete events, are treated as microstates of the system. Instead of modeling explicit network dynamics, we construct an ensemble over complete spike histories and assign to each configuration an effective energy functional that quantifies its consistency with intrinsic synaptic interactions. This formulation leads to a Boltzmann-like distribution over spike configurations, where an effective temperature captures the influence of external inputs acting as a stochastic drive. Macroscopic states are described in terms of coarse-grained observables, such as population firing-rate densities, and arise from a competition between energetic contributions favoring interaction-consistent spike patterns and entropic contributions favoring spatio-temporal disorder. Within this framework, we primarily characterize the transition between oscillatory and non-oscillatory activity. The non-oscillatory regime contains both broadly distributed, approximately uniform states and temporally localized collapsed states, whereas the oscillatory regime is characterized by repeated activity peaks. These regimes are diagnosed using order parameters derived from the population spike-rate density, including its entropy, temporal localization measures, and autocorrelation-based indicators. To complement the analytical treatment, we perform Monte Carlo simulations that sample the ensemble of admissible spike configurations using a Metropolis-Hastings scheme defined directly on spike trains. The simulations reveal the emergence of the predicted macroscopic regimes and provide a direct sampling-based probe of the free-energy landscape.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Institutions: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Universitaire de France, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, Inserm, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, University of Gdańsk, Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences
Language: English
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7222438679