A Systematic Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Equivalent Electrical Circuit Models for EV Battery Management Systems
Year: 2026
Type: review
Study design: Systematic Review
Abstract: Lithium-ion battery management systems (BMSs) for electric vehicles (EVs) require equivalent circuit models (ECMs) that balance prediction accuracy with identifiability, validation robustness, sensing requirements, and embedded computational cost. This PRISMA 2020-oriented systematic review evaluates recent ECM evidence for EV-oriented BMS applications and develops a function-driven model-selection framework. Scopus and Web of Science were searched using database-specific 2020–2025 publication-year filters. Of 721 identified records, 497 were unique, 478 full texts were retrieved, and 256 studies were included; 230 were original research studies and 26 were reviews. Among the 230 original research studies, experimental evidence was documented in 219 (95.2%), whereas 89 (38.7%) were rated sufficient for validation-data independence. These results show that terminal-voltage accuracy alone is insufficient to establish ECM deployability. The review therefore introduces a minimum-sufficient-complexity framework that links the target BMS function to model structure, parameterization, validation evidence, available sensors, and computational constraints. The resulting guidance supports selection of the least complex ECM that is both physically relevant to the target BMS decision and adequately identifiable and validated.
Source: World Electric Vehicle Journal
DOI: 10.3390/wevj17100533
Language: English
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,689
OpenAlex ID: W7222446095