Early adequate empiric antifungal therapy and 28-day mortality in ICU patients with candidemia: a pooled patient-level analysis of EUROBACT-1 and EUROBACT-2 cohorts
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Background The optimal timing of empiric antifungal therapy in patients with suspected candidemia remains uncertain. In practice, many antifungal treatments initiated empirically are eventually found to be unnecessary, exposing patients to potential toxicity, selection of non- albicans Candida species, emergence of resistance, and additional costs. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether adequate empiric antifungal therapy initiated within 2 days after blood culture draw was associated with 28-day mortality. Methods We performed a pooled secondary analysis of two prospective worldwide observational cohorts (EUROBACT-1 and EUROBACT-2) including adult patients with Candida bloodstream infection. The exposure was defined as receipt of adequate antifungal therapy within 2 days after blood culture draw. Propensity scores for receiving early adequate antifungal therapy were estimated using prespecified covariates, and inverse probability of treatment weights were applied in a weighted Cox proportional hazards model to assess the association with 28-day mortality. Prespecified subgroup analyses were conducted according to study cohort, Candida species, and presence of hypotension at the time of bloodstream infection. As a sensitivity analysis, a frailty Cox proportional hazards model including a random center effect was performed. Results The final study population included 272 patients with candidemia from 158 centers, including 81 from EUROBACT-1 and 191 from EUROBACT-2. One hundred and ten patients received early adequate antifungal therapy and 162 did not. Overall, 38.6% of patients (105/272) died within 28 days, including 40.9% (45/110) in the early adequate therapy group and 37.0% (60/162) in the non-early adequate therapy group. In the weighted Cox model, early adequate antifungal therapy was not significantly associated with 28-day mortality (HR 1.23, 95% CI 0.82–1.83, p = 0.314). Results were consistent across subgroup analyses according to study cohort, Candida species, the presence of hypotension at the time of bloodstream infection, as well as in the frailty Cox sensitivity analysis. Conclusions Early adequate antifungal therapy was not independently associated with improved 28-day survival in ICU patients with candidemia. These findings support a more targeted approach to early empirical antifungal treatment and underscore the need to identify patient subgroups most likely to benefit from immediate therapy.
Source: Critical Care
Authors: Hannah Wozniak, Alexis Tabah, Matteo Bassetti, Kevin Laupland, José Artur Paiva, Stéphane Ruckly, François Barbier, Jean-François Timsit, Niccolò Buetti, EUROBACT-1 Study Group, Fatemeh Aalinezhad, Heleen Aardema, Eman Abdulwahed, Fayez Abilama, Fathi A. Abousnina, Fekri Abroug, José Oscar Acevedo, Tayfun Adanir, Fowotade Adeola, Canan Agalar, Candy Garcia Aguilar, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Abdullah Khudhur Ahmed, Samiul Ahmed, Halis Akalin, Türkay Akbas, Ozlem O. Akdogan, Joyce Åkerlund, I. Ozkan Akinci, Murat Akova, Firdevs Aksoy, Sabahat Cagan Aktas, Ahmet Akyol, Amer Aldhalia, Serge Alfandari, Almajdoub Ali Mohammed Ali, Fadi Ali, Saedah Ali, Ahmed Aljabbary, Ghaleb A. Almekhlafi, Bushray Almiqlash, Mariota Panagiota Almiroudi, Irene Alonzo, Adel Alsisi, Nilgün Altin, Neriman Defne Altintas, Adrian Davalos-Alvarez, Madalena Alves, Joaquin Amador Amerigo, Fereshteh Amiri, Sarah Amro, Anastasia Anderzhanova, Hollie Angell, Djillali Annane, Sylvain Anselme, David Antcliffe, Georgios Anthopoulos, Massimo Antonelli, Eleni Antoniadou, Supriya Antrolikar, Elli Antypa, Christelle Aparicio, Marta Aparicio, Yutthana Apichatbutr, Ahmed Aqeelah, Charlotte Arbelot, Nerea Lopez De Arbina, Laurent Argaud, Sonia Sousa Arias, Apostolos Armaganidis, Fernando Armestar, Maria Pilar Gracia Arnillas, Kostoula Arvaniti, Mj Asensio, Gabriel Asiyanbi, Abdullah Tarik Aslan, Zoi Athanasa, Kaori Atobe, Antony George Attokaran, Ben Attwood, Johann Auchabie, Ahmed K. Awad, Maher Awad, Samia Ayed, J. Ignacio Ayestaran, Esra Aykac, Abd. Hamid Azman, Elie Azoulay, Baurzhan Babashev, Sailaja K. Baby, Gaëtan Badre, Reza Baghbanian, Nadia Baig, R. Rao Baikady, Manan Bajaj, Stuart Baker, Lubna Bakr, Dorota Banach, François Barbier, Arvind Baronia, Mina Barsoum, Anabela Bártolo, Ayse Batirel, Uros Batranovic, Denise Battaglini, Thomas Baudry, Tom Baumer, Yasar Bayindir, Nurcan N. Baykam, Yelena Bazhykayeva, Vasileios Bekos, Z. Belkhadir, Davide Bellina, Daniel Belman, Vladislav Belskiy, Renata Beranger, Dennis Bergmans, Rosana Munoz Bermudez, Silvia Bernreiter, Marielle Boyer-Besseyre, M. Beuzelin, Neeraj Bhadange, Yeliz Bilir, Hala Bilkhayr, Vishwanath Biradar, Alessandra Bisanti, Patrick Biston, E. Black, Marine Rossi-Blancher, Armando Blanco, Frank Bloos, Stijn Blot, Lajos Bogar, Jozef Bojko, Marc J. M. Bonten, Seyed Hamid Borsi, Perrine Bortolotti, Payel Bose, Isabel Botelho, Mounir Bouaziz, Charra Boubaker, Ahmad Bouhuwaish, Brahim Boukatta, Jérémy Bourenne, Marc Bourgeois, Hendrik Bracht, Ana Vujaklija Brajkovic, David Brewster, Gleyse Brigitte, Hanna Broda, Cédric Bruel, Ahmad Buimsaedah, Christian Brun-Buisson, Yaroslava Burma, Liesbet De Bus, Unase Buyukkocak, Nahit Çakar, Rumeysa Cakmak, Silvia Calvino, Juan Ramón Cortés Cañones, Teresa Cardoso, Simone Carelli, Jean Carlet, Nuno Cartoze, Alexandre Carvalho, Frederico Bruzzi de Carvalho, Vanessa Casares, Eliana Caser, Jérémy Castanera, Paula Castelões, Roberto Alejandro Castillo, Beatriz Catalan, Pablo Centeno, Jaroslav Cerman, Solakoglu Ceyhun, Mohammad Karam Chaaban, Jagadish Chandran, Vasiliki Chantziara, Julien Charpentier, Marinos Chatzis, Xiaomei Chen, Jose G. Dominguez-Cherit, Ronco Chiara, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Supattra Chiewroongroj, Moses Chikungwa, Robert Choma, Nai-Kuan Chou, Georgios Choutas, Achilleas Chovas, Herault Marie-Christine, Christos Christopoulos, Maria Chukina, Cong-Tat Cia, Giorgia Citterio, Katherine Cobb, Cristian Cobilinschi, Onur Çolak, Sait Çolak, Stephen Cole, Andrea Cortegiani, Ahmet Cosar, Tito da Costa, Vasco Costa, Antonella Cotoia, Elisabeth Coupez, Marco Covotta, Amanda Cowton, Melanie Mc Cree, Akos Csomos, Maricarmen Gilavert Cuevas, Rui Pedro Cunha, Aida Custovic, Gholamreza Dabiri, Ivan Daroui, Avijatri Datta, Alexandre Debrumetz, Johan Decruyenaere, Vesna Degoricija, Jean Philippe Delabre, Sophie Demeret, Emine Kubra Dindar Demiray, Tarek Dendane, Wouter Denys, Pieter Depuydt, Ibironke Desalu, Armand Mekonted Dessap, Adei Diab, Celeste Dias, Maria Conceição Dias, Ahmet Dilek, Georges Dimopoulos, Flora Djanikian, Rachael Dolan, Iwona Dragan, Carol Dsilva, Meili Duan, Tiago Duarte, Simon Dubler, Thibault Duburcq, Thierry Dulac, Matthieu Duprey, Michel Durand, Jyotsna Dwivedi, Alicia Edin, Anna Efthymiou, Philippe Eggimann, Merihan A. Elbadawy, Mohamed Elbahnasawy, Abdurahaman Elbuzidi, Amr Elhadidy, Omar Elmandouh, Omar Elrabi, Ahmed Elsayed, Ari Ercole, Renaud Lepaul Ercole, Cem Erdogan, Aleksandr Eremenko, Ahmet Eroglu, Ege Eroglu, Çigdem Erol, Yasemin Ersoy, Gulden Ersoz, Etienne Escudier, Lorena Forcelledo Espina, Zollei Eva, Guliz Evik, Sebastien Faivre, Jansen Falcão, Aya Fares, Muriel Fartoukh, Maria Faulkner, Thomas Felbinger, Rubén Fernández, Alcina Ferreira, Leonardo Ferreira, Ricard Ferrer-Roca, Richard Ferrer, António Manuel Pereira de Figueiredo, Georgios Fildisis, Daniela Filipescu, Daniela Carmen Filipescu, Mackenzie Finnis, Silvia Fiorelli, Claire Dahyot-Fizelier, Matias Flores, Kean Khang Fong, Arnaud Foucrier, Cheryl Fourie, Carlos França, Voillet Francois, Uwe Franke, Shigeki Fujitani, Mikhail Furman, Csóka Gábor, Denis Gaigolnik, Marc Gainnier, Alberto Orejas Gallego, Marwa Gamra, Pierre Garcon, Pau Garro, Alexandra Gavala, Srdjan Gavrilovic, Lina De Geer, Nan Geng, Christos Georgiadis, Dimitris Georgopoulos, Maria Georgopoulou, Nikoletta Gritsi-Gerogianni, A. Ghannam, Pralay Ghosh, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Maria Giannakoy, Sebastien Gibot, Nermin Kelebek Girgin, Eleni Gkeka, Ken Junyang Goh, Qing Yuan Goh, Senay Goksu, Ugur Goktas, Gemma Gomà, Juan P. Romero-Gonzalez, Ivan Gornik, Thomas Gottlieb, Antje Gottschalk, Shraddha Goyal, Maria Pilar Gracia, Clive Graham, Angelo Gratarola, Valentina Di Gravio, Ina Filipovic-Grcic, Ioana Grigoras, Ioana Marina Grintescu, Alexey Gritsan, Iwona Pietraszek-Grzywaczewska, Andrea Di Guardo, Loïc Le Guennec, Charlotte Guesdon, Nádia Guimarães, Kursat Gundogan, Yunus Gürbüz, Mohan Gurjar, Seda Guzeldag, Abdelhamid Hachimi, Lionel Haentjens, Qiu Haibo, Daniel Hall, Hytham K. S. Hamid, Michael Haney, Belal Harara, Hayat Ben Hasan, M. Shahnaz Hasan, Rabab Shaban Ben Hasan, Rajib Hasan, Satoru Hashimoto, Yoshiro Hayashi, Aisha Khaled Hdada, Alexandra Heininger, Hanan M. 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Montravers, Giorgia Montrucchio, P. Dhakshina Moorthi, Andrew Conway Morris, Natalia Morvillo, Tarek Mostafa, Said Motaouakkil, Doumiri Mouhssine, José Pedro Moura, Miras Mugazov, Sudipta Mukherjee, Randeep Mulhi, Syed Nabeel Muzaffar, Pavlos Myrianthefs, Rashid Nadeem, Jacek Nadolski, Khalid Mahmood Khan Nafees, Michio Nagashima, Georgios Nakos, Christodoulos Nathanail, Miguel Angel Blasco-Navalpotro, Kangqi Ng, Louis Xiang Long Ng, Shin Yi Ng, Alexandru Nica, Orlando R. Perez-Nieto, Ilona Nikolaidou, Chara Nikolaou, Charikleia Nikolaou, Mario Nikolic, Janardan Nimbolkar, Luo Ning, Shaikh Nissar, Aikaterini Nodarou, Cindérella Noel, Zuraini Md Noor, Mariana Novo, Tomasz Nowakowski, Yanina Nuccetelli, Cristina Nunes, Marina Oikonomou, Motunrayo Oladimeji, John O. Olatosi, Mariana Oliveira, Koichiro Omori, Caroline Yu Ming Ong, Evelien A. N. 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Parcell, Seung Yong Park, Sunghoon Park, Gennaro De Pascale, Dulce Pascoalinho, Bastian Pasieka, Haralambos Paskalis, Harry Paskalis, Jamie Patel, Mayur Patel, Juliette Patrier, Rémi Paulet, Mariusz Peichota, Li Peije, Lorella Pelagalli, Paolo Pelosi, Énio Pereira, José Manuel Pereira, Juliana Pereira, Tiago Pereira, Pierre-François Perrigault, Jasminka Persec, David Petitpas, Sirak Petros, Tai Pham, Lee See Pheng, François Philippart, Pawel Pietraszek, Ana Rios Pinto, Claudio Piras, Arash Pirat, Gaetan Plantefeve, Paraskevi Plantza, Ioannis Pneumatikos, Pavlos Polakis, Hamish Pollock, Mihai Popescu, Elisa Porcile, Josef Prazak, Cornelia Elena Predoi, Athanasios Prekates, Emilio Garcia Prieto, Vasiliki Psallida, Chuanyun Qian, Ke-Jian Qian, Bingyu Qin, Jessica Lishan Quah, Li Jin-Quan, Joana Queiró, María Dolores Quesada, Raihan Rabbani, Radovan Radonic, Laura Raguer, Hussain Al Rahma, Hamizah Bt Abdul Rahman, Ashok Raj, Mahesh Ramanan, Nurhikmahtul Aqilah Haji Abd Rashid, Mahboobeh Rashidi, Darshana Rathod, Keyvan Razazi, Adrian Regli, Livia Reis, Jordi Rello, Paul Jean Renaud, Foteini Renta, M. 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Rodriguez, Claire Roger, Regina Roig, Roceld Rojo, Vasiliki Romanou, Ashraf Roshdy, Jérémy Rosman, Madeleine Rothen, Matthew Routledge, Christina Routsi, Noor Ahmedi Rubina, Daniel Thomas-Rueddel, Ahmed Saber, Golnar Sabetian, Motaouakkil Said, Elfayadh Saidahmed, Hiroki Saito, Aikaterini Sakagianni, Sanja Sakan, Anastasios Sakkalis, Gabriele Sales, Maria Salgado, Hend Sallam, Jorge Salluh, Nese Saltoglu, Pratit Samdani, Susana Sancho, Amanda Sanderson, Eduard Mesalles-Sanjuán, Emilio Diaz Santos, Lurdes Santos, Kemal Tolga Saracoglu, Ali Sari, Vineet Sarode, Hakimeh Sarshad, Benjamine Sarton, Mohsen Savaie, Manoj Saxena, Natalia Abu-Sayf, Maria Grazia Schlevenin, Karsten Schmidt, Rik Schoemakers, Torsten Schroeder, Nicolas De Schryver, Marcus Schultz, Rachid Seddiki, Philippe Seguin, Matías Segura, Walid Sellami, Atilla Sencan, Nicolas Serck, Issam Serghini, Simay Serin, Dimitrios Sfyras, Ankur Sharma, Priya Sharma, Saurav Shekhar, Kaladhar Sheshala, Hidenobu Shigemitsu, Shidasp Siami, Suhail Sarwar Siddiqui, Silvio A. Ñamendys-Silva, Stein Silva, Pierre Singer, Ritu Singh, Josep Sirvent, Fredrik Sjövall, Wendy Sligl, Tim Smith, Roland Smonig, Piotr Smuszkiewicz, Dimitrios Smyrniotis, Natalie Soar, Marcio Soares, Anton Sokhan, Marina Soltan, Farhad Soltani, Mathieu Le Souhaitier, Vasiliki Soulountsi, Bertrand Souweine, Dzana Spahic, Kyriaki Spiropoulou, Anna Spring, Dhadappa Damodar Sridharan, Guido Stefania, Shah Sudhirchandra, Hulya Sungurtekin, Carl Johan Svensson, Tamas Szakmany, Anna Szczesniak, Alexis Tabah, Seyed Mohammad Nasirodin Tabatabaei, Ahmed Sa Taher, Ramin Tajvidi, Shunsuke Takaki, Leyla Talan, Barbara Tamowicz, Kate Tatham, Benoit Tavernier, Murat Telli, Luís Telo, Talgat Temirov, Maie Templeton, Manuel Lomeli-Teran, Ana Teresa, Vasiliki Theodorou, Lherm Thierry, Patricia Thompson, Martial Thyrault, Rebecca E. Tilley, Jean-François Timsit, Arif Timuroglu, George Tinaslanidis, Kate Tizard, Ernesto Deloya Tomas, Dana Tomescu, Lee Kok Tong, Tomasz Torlinski, Ana Tornada, Valentina Della Torre, Marc Tran, Maksim Tribulev, Christos Tsakalakis, Pirros Tsakas, Giorgio Tulli, Burcu Tunay, Yeliz Irem Tunçel, Serban Bubenek-Turconi, Olfa Turki, Steven Tyler, Nikolas Tzovaras, Alejandro Ubeda, Euphemia Mgbosoro Ugwu, Süheyla Ünver, R. Vaidyanathan, Liana Valeanu, Andreas Valentin, Jordi Valles, Sofie F. M. Vanderhaeghen, Joel Vargas, Maria Vasileiou, Annelou Van Der Veen, György Velkey, Paula Vera, Aurélien Vesin, Dmitriy Viderman, Missael Vladimir Espinoza Villafuerte, Tixier Vincent, Natala Vistovskaya, Sheshendrasurian Visvalingam, Eszter Vitális, Ingo Voigt, Guillaume Voiriot, Efstratia Vrettou, Elisabeth De Waele, Jan De Waele, Maazouzi Ahmed Wajdi, Haji Adi Muhamad Ibnu Walid, James Walsham, Xian Yao Wan, Hao Wang, Jinfeng Wang, Ruilan Wang, Yan Wang, Dominika Wasowska, Elizabeth Weeda, Xie Weifeng, Emmanuel Weiss, Carola Wempe, Ronald Wesselink, Paulina Walczak-Wieteska, Vincent Willems, Xavier Wittebole, Siong Ling Danny Wong, Phunsup Wongsurakiat, Qiu Wusi, Liang Xia, Zhou Li-Xin, Lei Xu, Seyhan Yagar, Saidu Yusuf Yakubu, Masaki Yamasaki, Jing Yan, Congshan Yang, Timothy Yap, Jilu Ye, Ling Ye, Yu Chang Yeh, Aline Camille Yehia, Hüseyin Oguz Yilmaz, Mesut Yilmaz, Chengfen Yin, Yongjie Yin, Pan Yiping, Yerlan Ymbetzhanov, Aimee Yonan, Wang Yongqiang, Hideki Yoshida, Oujidi Younes, Meredith Young, Mikail Yüksel, Jean-Ralph Zahar, Ahmed Zaki, Epaminondas Zakynthinos, Farid Zand, N. Zappela, Rafael Zaragoza, Mohammad Amin Zargar, Amine Ali Zeggwagh, Pinar Zeyneloglu, Jiu Zhi Zhang, Min Zhang, Zhidan Zhang, Tang Zhanhong, Juan Zhao, Peng Zhao, Wang Zhen, Suming Zhou, Biljana Zlojutro, Artemis Zormpa, Nadezhda Zubareva, Francesco Zuccaro, EUROBACT-2 Study Group, Jeffrey Lipman, Alexis Tabah, Hamish Pollock, Ben Margetts, Andrew Udy, Meredith Young, Neeraj Bhadange, Steven Tyler, Anne Ledtischke, Mackenzie Finnis, Jyotsna Dwivedi, Manoj Saxena, Vishwanath Biradar, Natalie Soar, Vineet Sarode, David Brewster, Adrian Regli, Elizabeth Weeda, Samiul Ahmed, Cheryl Fourie, Kevin Laupland, Mahesh Ramanan, James Walsham, Jason Meyer, Edward Litton, Anna Maria Palermo, Timothy Yap, Ege Eroglu, Antony George Attokaran, C’havala Jaramillo, Khalid Mahmood Khan Nafees, Nurhikmahtul Aqilah Haji Abd Rashid, Haji Adi Muhamad Ibnu Walid, Tomas Mon, P. Dhakshina Moorthi, Shah Sudhirchandra, Dhadappa Damodar Sridharan, Qiu Haibo, Xie Jianfeng, Lu Wei-Hua, Wang Zhen, Chuanyun Qian, Jili Luo, Xiaomei Chen, Hao Wang, Peng Zhao, Juan Zhao, Qiu Wusi, Chen Mingmin, Lei Xu, Chengfen Yin, Ruilan Wang, Jinfeng Wang, Yongjie Yin, Min Zhang, Jilu Ye, Chungfang Hu, Suming Zhou, Min Huang, Jing Yan, Yan Wang, Bingyu Qin, Ling Ye, Xie Weifeng, Li Peije, Nan Geng, Lowell Ling, Yoshiro Hayashi, Toshiyuki Karumai, Masaki Yamasaki, Satoru Hashimoto, Koji Hosokawa, Jun Makino, Takeo Matsuyoshi, Akira Kuriyama, Hidenobu Shigemitsu, Yuka Mishima, Michio Nagashima, Hideki Yoshida, Koichiro Omori, Hiroshi Rinka, Hiroki Saito, Kaori Atobe, Hideaki Kato, Shunsuke Takaki, M. Shahnaz Hasan, Muhamad Fadhil Hadi Jamaluddin, Lee See Pheng, Sheshendrasurian Visvalingam, Mun Thing Liew, Siong Ling Danny Wong, Kean Khang Fong, Hamizah Bt Abdul Rahman, Zuraini Md Noor, Lee Kok Tong, Abd. Hamid Azman, Mohd Zulfakar Mazlan, Saedah Ali, Anton Abello, Kyeongman Jeon, Sang-Min Lee, Sunghoon Park, Seung Yong Park, Sung Yoon Lim, Qing Yuan Goh, Shin Yi Ng, Sui An Lie, Andrea Lay Hoon Kwa, Ken Junyang Goh, Andrew Yunkai Li, Caroline Yu Ming Ong, Jia Yan Lim, Jessica Lishan Quah, Kangqi Ng, Louis Xiang Long Ng, Yu Chang Yeh, Nai-Kuan Chou, Cong-Tat Cia, Ting-Yu Hu, Li-Kuo Kuo, Shih-Chi Ku, Phunsup Wongsurakiat, Yutthana Apichatbutr, Supattra Chiewroongroj, Rashid Nadeem, Ashraf El Houfi, Adel Alsisi, Amr Elhadidy, Mina Barsoum, Nermin Osman, Tarek Mostafa, Mohamed Elbahnasawy, Ahmed Saber, Amer Aldhalia, Omar Elmandouh, Ahmed Elsayed, Merihan A. Elbadawy, Ahmed K. Awad, Hanan M. Hemead, Farid Zand, Maryam Ouhadian, Seyed Hamid Borsi, Zahra Mehraban, Davood Kashipazha, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Mohsen Savaie, Farhad Soltani, Mahboobeh Rashidi, Reza Baghbanian, Fatemeh Javaherforoosh, Fereshteh Amiri, Arash Kiani, Mohammad Amin Zargar, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Fatemeh Aalinezhad, Gholamreza Dabiri, Golnar Sabetian, Hakimeh Sarshad, Mansoor Masjedi, Ramin Tajvidi, Abdullah Khudhur Ahmed, Pierre Singer, Ilya Kagan, Merav Rigler, Daniel Belman, Phillip Levin, Belal Harara, Adei Diab, Fayez Abillama, Rebecca Ibrahim, Aya Fares, Ahmad Buimsaedah, Marwa Gamra, Ahmed Aqeelah, Almajdoub Ali Mohammed Ali, Ahmed Gaber Sadik Homaidan, Bushray Almiqlash, Hala Bilkhayr, Ahmad Bouhuwaish, Ahmed Sa Taher, Eman Abdulwahed, Fathi A. Abousnina, Aisha Khaled Hdada, Rania Jobran, Hayat Ben Hasan, Rabab Shaban Ben Hasan, Issam Serghini, Rachid Seddiki, Brahim Boukatta, Nabil Kanjaa, Doumiri Mouhssine, Maazouzi Ahmed Wajdi, Tarek Dendane, Amine Ali Zeggwagh, Brahim Housni, Oujidi Younes, Abdelhamid Hachimi, A. Ghannam, Z. Belkhadir, Sarah Amro, Mustafa Abu Jayyab, Ali Ait Hssain, Abdurahaman Elbuzidi, Edin Karic, Marcus Lance, Shaikh Nissar, Hend Sallam, Omar Elrabi, Ghaleb A. Almekhlafi, Maher Awad, Ahmed Aljabbary, Mohammad Karam Chaaban, Natalia Abu-Sayf, Mazzeh Kiwan, Mohammad Al-Jadaan, Lubna Bakr, Mounir Bouaziz, Olfa Turki, Walid Sellami, Pablo Centeno, José Oscar Acevedo, Patricia Mabel Lopez, Rubén Fernández, Matías Segura, Yanina Nuccetelli, Pablo Montefiore, Luis Felipe Reyes, Silvio A. Ñamendys-Silva, Juan P. Romero-Gonzalez, Mariana Hermosillo, Roberto Alejandro Castillo, Jesús Nicolás Pantoja Leal, Candy Garcia Aguilar, Mara Ocotlan Gonzalez Herrera, Missael Vladimir Espinoza Villafuerte, Manuel Lomeli-Teran, Jose G. Dominguez-Cherit, Adrian Davalos-Alvarez, Luis Sánchez-Hurtado, Brigitte Tejeda-Huezo, Orlando R. Perez-Nieto, Ernesto Deloya Tomas, Guy Francois, Liesbet De Bus, Jan De Waele, Isabelle Hollevoet, Wouter Denys, Marc Bourgeois, Jean-Baptiste Mesland, Pierre Henin, Lionel Haentjens, Patrick Biston, Cindérella Noel, Nathalie Layos, Benoît Misset, Nicolas De Schryver, Nicolas Serck, Xavier Wittebole, Elisabeth De Waele, Godelive Opdenacker, Pedja Kovacevic, Biljana Zlojutro, Aida Custovic, Ina Filipovic-Grcic, Radovan Radonic, Ana Vujaklija Brajkovic, Jasminka Persec, Sanja Sakan, Mario Nikolic, Hrvoje Lasic, Jean-François Timsit, Etienne Ruppe, Stephane Ruckly, Philippe Montravers, Marc Leone, Charlotte Arbelot, Mme Juliette Patrier, Nathalie Zappella, Thierry Dulac, Jérémy Castanera, Johann Auchabie, Anthony Le Meur, A. Marchalot, M. Beuzelin, Alexandre Massri, Charlotte Guesdon, Etienne Escudier, Philippe Mateu, Jérémy Rosman, Olivier Leroy, Serge Alfandari, Alexandru Nica, Bertrand Souweine, Elisabeth Coupez, Thibault Duburcq, Eric Kipnis, Perrine Bortolotti, Mathieu Le Souhaitier, Jean-Paul Mira, Pierre Garcon, Matthieu Duprey, Martial Thyrault, Rémi Paulet, François Philippart, Marc Tran, Cédric Bruel, Emmanuel Weiss, Sylvie Janny, Arnaud Foucrier, Pierre-François Perrigault, Flora Djanikian, François Barbier, Marc Gainnier, Jérémy Bourenne, Guillaume Louis, Roland Smonig, Laurent Argaud, Thomas Baudry, Armand Mekonted Dessap, Keyvan Razazi, Pierre Kalfon, Gaëtan Badre, Romaric Larcher, Jean-Yves Lefrant, Claire Roger, Benjamine Sarton, Stein Silva, Sophie Demeret, Loïc Le Guennec, Shidasp Siami, Christelle Aparicio, Guillaume Voiriot, Muriel Fartoukh, Claire Dahyot-Fizelier, Nadia Imzi, Kada Klouche, Hendrik Bracht, Sandra Hoheisen, Frank Bloos, Daniel Thomas-Rueddel, Sirak Petros, Bastian Pasieka, Simon Dubler, Karsten Schmidt, Antje Gottschalk, Carola Wempe, Philippe Lepper, Carlos Metz, Dmitriy Viderman, Yerlan Ymbetzhanov, Miras Mugazov, Yelena Bazhykayeva, Zhannur Kaligozhin, Baurzhan Babashev, Yevgeniy Merenkov, Talgat Temirov, Kostoula Arvaniti, Dimitrios Smyrniotis, Vasiliki Psallida, Georgios Fildisis, Evangelos Kaimakamis, Cristina Iasonidou, Sofia Papoti, Maria Vasileiou, Vasiliki Romanou, Vasiliki Koutsoukou, Mariana Kristina Matei, Leora Moldovan, Ilias Karaiskos, Harry Paskalis, Kyriaki Marmanidou, M. Papanikolaou, C. 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C. Iliescu, Liana Valeanu, Serban Bubenek-Turconi, Ioana Marina Grintescu, Cristian Cobilinschi, Daniela Carmen Filipescu, Cornelia Elena Predoi, Dana Tomescu, Mihai Popescu, Alexandra Marcu, Ioana Grigoras, Olguta Lungu, Alexey Gritsan, Anastasia Anderzhanova, Yulia Meleshkina, Marat Magomedov, Nadezhda Zubareva, Maksim Tribulev, Denis Gaigolnik, Natala Vistovskaya, Maria Chukina, Vladislav Belskiy, Mikhail Furman, Ricard Ferrer Rocca, Maria Martinez, Vanessa Casares, Ricard Mellado Artigas, Paula Vera, Matias Flores, Joaquin Amador Amerigo, Maria Pilar Gracia Arnillas, Rosana Munoz Bermudez, Fernando Armestar, Beatriz Catalan, Regina Roig, Laura Raguer, María Dolores Quesada, Emilio Diaz Santos, Gemma Gomà, Alejandro Ubeda, Maria Salgado, Lorena Forcelledo Espina, Emilio Garcia Prieto, M. Rodriguez, Emilio Maseda, Alejandro Suarez De La Rica, J. Ignacio Ayestaran, Mariana Novo, Miguel Angel Blasco-Navalpotro, Alberto Orejas Gallego, Fredrik Sjövall, Dzana Spahic, Carl Johan Svensson, Michael Haney, Alicia Edin, Joyce Åkerlund, Lina De Geer, Niccolò Buetti, Josef Prazak, Jl Pagani, S. Abed-Maillard, Murat Akova, Abdullah Tarik Aslan, Arif Timuroglu, Sesin Kocagoz, Hulya Kusoglu, Selcuk Mehtap, Solakoglu Ceyhun, Neriman Defne Altintas, Leyla Talan, Bircan Kayaaslan, Ayse Kaya Kalem, Ibrahim Kurt, Murat Telli, Barcin Ozturk, Çigdem Erol, Emine Kubra Dindar Demiray, Sait Çolak, Türkay Akbas, Kursat Gundogan, Ali Sari, Canan Agalar, Onur Çolak, Mesut Yilmaz, Burcu Tunay, Rumeysa Cakmak, Nese Saltoglu, Ridvan Karaali, Iftihar Koksal, Firdevs Aksoy, Kemal Tolga Saracoglu, Yeliz Bilir, Seda Guzeldag, Gulden Ersoz, Guliz Evik, Hulya Sungurtekin, Cansu Ozgen, Cem Erdogan, Yunus Gürbüz, Nilgün Altin, Yasar Bayindir, Yasemin Ersoy, Senay Goksu, Ahmet Akyol, Ayse Batirel, Sabahat Cagan Aktas, Andrew Conway Morris, Matthew Routledge, Ari Ercole, David Antcliffe, Roceld Rojo, Kate Tizard, Maria Faulkner, Amanda Cowton, Melanie Kent, Ashok Raj, Artemis Zormpa, George Tinaslanidis, Reena Khade, Tomasz Torlinski, Randeep Mulhi, Shraddha Goyal, Manan Bajaj, Marina Soltan, Aimee Yonan, Rachael Dolan, Aimee Johnson, Caroline Macfie, James Lennard, Maie Templeton, Sonia Sousa Arias, Uwe Franke, Keith Hugill, Hollie Angell, Benjamin J. Parcell, Katherine Cobb, Stephen Cole, Tim Smith, Clive Graham, Jaroslav Cerman, Allison Keegan, Jenny Ritzema, Amanda Sanderson, Ashraf Roshdy, Tamas Szakmany, Tom Baumer, Rebecca Longbottom, Daniel Hall, Kate Tatham, S. Loftus, A. Husain, E. Black, S. Jhanji, R. Rao Baikady, Peter Mcguigan, Rachel Mckee, Santhana Kannan, Supriya Antrolikar, Nicholas Marsden, Valentina Della Torre, Dorota Banach, Ahmed Zaki, Matthew Jackson, Moses Chikungwa, Ben Attwood, Jamie Patel, Rebecca E. Tilley, Sally K. Humphreys, Paul Jean Renaud, Anton Sokhan, Yaroslava Burma, Wendy Sligl, Nadia Baig, Lorena McCoshen, Demetrios J. Kutsogiannis, Patricia Thompson, Tayne Hewer, Raihan Rabbani, Shihan Mahmud Redwanul Huq, Rajib Hasan, Mohammad Motiul Islam, Mohan Gurjar, Arvind Baronia, Nikhil Kothari, Ankur Sharma, Saurabh Karmakar, Priya Sharma, Janardan Nimbolkar, Pratit Samdani, Vaidyanathan R, Noor Ahmedi Rubina, Nikhilesh Jain, Madhumati Pahuja, Ritu Singh, Syed Nabeel Muzaffar, Ahmad Ozair, Suhail Sarwar Siddiqui, Payel Bose, Avijatri Datta, Darshana Rathod, Mayur Patel, M. K. Renuka, Sailaja K. Baby, Carol Dsilva, Jagadish Chandran, Pralay Ghosh, Sudipta Mukherjee, Kaladhar Sheshala, Krushna Chandra Misra, Saidu Yusuf Yakubu, Euphemia Mgbosoro Ugwu, Ibironke Desalu, Gabriel Asiyanbi, Motunrayo Oladimeji, Olusola Idowu, Fowotade Adeola, Mervyn Mer, Melanie Mc Cree, Ali Adil Ali Karar, Elfayadh Saidahmed, Hytham K. S. Hamid, Shigeki Fujitani, Helmi Sulaiman, Muhammed Elhadi, Khalid Abidi, Gabriela Vidal, Mario Arias, Vasiliki Soulountsi, Matteo Bassetti, Giorgia Montrucchio, José-Artur Paiva, Nádia Guimarães, Oyebola O Adekola, Bashir El Sanousi, Seyed Mohammad Nasirodin Tabatabaei, Lic Natalia Morvillo, Dra Marta Aparicio, Microbiologa Irene Alonzo, Sofie F. M. Vanderhaeghen, Foteini Renta, Antonella Cotoia, Aleksandr Eremenko, M. J. Asensio, Stephan Jakob, Jean-Luc Pagani, Nurcan N. Baykam, Ozlem O. Akdogan, Ahmet Eroglu, Saurav Shekhar, John O. Olatosi, Aaron Mark Hernandez, Fayez Abilama, Ali Aithssain, Arzu Topeli Iskit, ESICM, ESCMID ESGCIP, OUTCOMEREA Network
Institutions: University of Geneva, University Hospital of Geneva, Queensland University of Technology, The University of Queensland, Redcliffe Hospital, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Hospital de São João, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Université de Tours, Inserm, Clinical Investigation Center Plurithematic Tours, Centre hospitalier universitaire d'Orléans, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution, World Health Organization
Language: English
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $4,190
OpenAlex ID: W7222572989
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