Work

Employing Hybrid Image Processing for Grape Sorting

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This contribution presents a practical realization of hybrid image processing for grape sorting. Hybrid image processing combines FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), and CPU (Central Processing Unit) hardware with both rule-based and CNN (Convolutional Neural Network)-based algorithms to satisfy real-time constraints at high data throughput. A detailed end-to-end latency analysis of the complete sorting pipeline is provided. Our initial solution achieves a mean latency of 10.7 ms with a 99.9th percentile of 13.2 ms and a maximum latency of 14.0 ms. Our investigation reveals that the primary bottleneck lies in data handling rather than CNN inference. Furthermore, FPGA-based and CPU-based preprocessing approaches are compared using identical image data. A CPU-/GPU-based approach achieves a mean latency of 7.3 ms with a 99.9th percentile of 13.0 ms and a maximum latency of 13.5 ms. Finally, an improved FPGA architecture is proposed and evaluated, demonstrating improved timing performance. The improved FPGA solution achieves a mean latency of 9.0 ms with a 99.9% percentile of 10.6 ms and a maximum latency of 11.3 ms. The machine’s capability is evaluated at a grape processing throughput of 5.6 t/h.

Source: Sensors

DOI: 10.3390/s26206574

Authors: Simon Wezstein, Michael Stelzl, Michael Heizmann

Institution: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Language: English

Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI

Subfield: Plant Science

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Domain: Life Sciences

SDGs: Zero hunger, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137