Work

A cross-sectional study of Staphylococcus aureus reservoirs in dairy goats, their environment and farm workers

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) induced mastitis in dairy goats is a serious concern affecting animal health and welfare and imposing economic burdens on dairy goat farms. The reservoirs and possible transmission routes of S. aureus on dairy goat farms are not fully understood. This study examined S. aureus reservoirs on Dutch dairy goat farms using a One Health approach. Samples ( n = 329) were obtained on 29 dairy goat farms from goat noses ( n = 145), farm workers' hands ( n = 80), and milking parlour teat cups ( n = 54). Environmental airborne dust samples ( n = 50) were collected using electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs). Samples were cultured and analysed with the MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Time-Of-Flight). Staphylococcus aureus was detected on 27 farms, with about 27% of samples positive. Detection rates were highest in EDCs, confirming airborne dust as a major reservoir and potential transmission route. Hand swabs were positive least frequently, but indicated occupational exposure, particularly among milkers and farm owners. Glove users had a higher proportion of positive hand swabs compared to non-users. Participants who neither entered the stable nor handled goats tested negative. Whole genome sequencing identified ST133 as the predominant sequence type (76% of isolates), whereas ST398 was detected in 10% of the isolates. Isolates clustered mainly by farm and across all sample types. Overall, results indicate that S. aureus is present on nearly all included dairy goat farms, with positive samples in goats, on human hands, and in the environment. Preventive measures should emphasise biosecurity, hygiene, and monitoring.

Source: One Health

DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101624