Hypervitaminosis A and Oral Pathology: Genomic Disruption, Enamel Defects, and Gingival Hazards
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Background: Vitamin A is essential for epithelial integrity, skeletal development, and immune function. However, when consumed in excess, it becomes a potent toxin. The oral cavity with its high rate of epithelial turnover, active bone metabolism, precisely regulated enamel formation, and complex immune interactions is particularly susceptible to vitamin A overload. Despite widespread supplement use, hypervitaminosis A remains an underrecognized cause of oral pathology. Methods: This narrative review synthesized evidence published between January 2016 and July 2026. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords related to hypervitaminosis A and oral pathology. Studies were included if they examined vitamin A toxicity effects on oral tissues, enamel, gingiva, or alveolar bone. Key toxicity pathways analyzed included receptor-mediated genomic disruption and metabolite cytotoxicity. Results: Retinoid accumulation in alveolar bone disrupts osteoblast-osteoclast balance, shifting toward bone resorption. Multiple studies consistently report associations between vitamin A excess and enamel hypoplasia, opacities, and hypomineralization. In poly-supplement users, dysregulated collagen synthesis and inhibited clotting factors contribute to gingival hyperplasia and bleeding. Nutrient interactions with vitamins D, E, K, and iron exacerbate oral manifestations. High-risk groups include pregnant women, children, the elderly, and patients with hepatic dysfunction. Conclusion: Hypervitaminosis A is an underrecognized risk factor for oral pathology. Dentists should consider supplement overuse when evaluating unexplained enamel defects, gingival changes, or jawbone fragility. Early recognition and discontinuation of supplementation can reverse acute changes and prevent irreversible enamel and bone damage. Biomarker-based precision nutrition offers a promising approach for managing oral complications of vitamin A toxicity.
Language: English
Subfield: Periodontics
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7222896013