Household Environmental Conditions and Behavioral Risk Factors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case–Control Study
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a public health issue in the service area of the Kragan II Community Health Centre, Rembang Regency. This study examines the association between household environmental conditions and individual behavior and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: A case–control study was conducted using pulmonary TB data from January to September 2024. A total of 68 participants aged ≥ 15 years were included, consisting of 34 smear-positive pulmonary TB cases and 34 community controls without TB history, frequency-matched by age and sex. Variables assessed included room temperature, humidity, indoor lighting, ventilation area, occupancy density, flooring type, sputum disposal practices, and smoking habits. The data were collected through observation and interviews, and were then analyzed using the chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression. Results and Discussion: Pulmonary TB incidence was significantly associated with non-compliant room temperature (OR = 3.378; p = 0.028), inappropriate room humidity (OR = 8.065; p = 0.001), insufficient indoor light intensity (OR = 5.018; p = 0.003), unsafe sputum disposal practices (OR = 9.304; p = 0.001), and smoking habits (OR = 3.429; p = 0.039). In contrast, ventilation area (p = 0.609), occupancy density (p = 0.673), and floor type (p = 0.186) showed no statistically significant association with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: Household environmental factors and individual behavioral practices concurrently increase the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, integrated prevention strategies focusing on improving housing conditions and strengthening health education are necessary to support tuberculosis control at the community level.
Source: JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Institution: Diponegoro University
Language: English
Subfield: Infectious Diseases
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7222936535