Work

Near-Extremal Black-Hole Formation Observed from Null Infinity

Year: 2026

Type: preprint

Abstract: We identify near-extremal black-hole formation directly from observables at future null infinity. Fully nonlinear evolutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein--Maxwell--charged scalar system in 3+1 dimensions form black holes with charge-to-mass ratios up to 0.993 from regular, horizon-free, superextremal initial data. Quasinormal frequencies and redshift decay independently recover the near-extremal charge-to-mass ratio. Critical mass scaling is recovered at null infinity and charge scaling at the apparent horizon. The charged scalar Newman--Penrose quantity obeys an asymptotic balance law that replaces the conservation law of the neutral theory.

Source: arXiv (Cornell University)

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.23486

Authors: Mädler, Thomas, Gannouji, Radouane, Liebling, Steven L., Gallo, Emanuel

Institutions: Universidad San Sebastián, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Long Island University, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Language: English

Topic: Black Holes and Theoretical Physics

Subfield: Nuclear and High Energy Physics

Field: Physics and Astronomy

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: green

Funders: National Science Foundation, Brown University, University of Otago, University of Canterbury, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure

Award: Developing an Open Source, GPU-enabled Code for Multi-messenger Compact Mergers

OpenAlex ID: W7222976294

Cites: 26

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Related to: 10