Work

Simulation-based active cell balancing of a four-cell lithium-ion pack using a Cuk converter and fuzzy-PID current control

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Cell-to-cell inconsistency limits the usable capacity and service life of series-connected lithium-ion battery packs. This simulation study evaluates active balancing of a four-cell pack in which a shared Cuk converter, connected through a dual-layer donor/receiver switch matrix, is driven by a cascaded controller. A Mamdani fuzzy inference system converts the average pack state of charge (SOC) and the SOC spread into an equalization-current reference (0–5 A), and a continuous-time PID block, tuned to integral-only action, tracks this reference through 10 kHz PWM with the duty ratio limited to 0.75. Each cell is a second-order RC model with SOC-dependent parameters adopted from a published identification study; all cells share these parameters, and imbalance is imposed through initial SOC values of 55%, 50%, 45% and 47%. With fuzzy-PID control the cells converged in about 415 s at rest, 390 s during discharge and 350 s during charge, compared with 575, 800 and 700 s for conventional fuzzy control (27.8–51.3% shorter). The model-level donor-to-receiver energy-transfer index was 87.52%. Because the cells are identical, SOC feedback is ideal and no hardware was tested, the results are a simulation proof of concept; sensitivity bounds and the validation required before EV use are reported.

Source: Scientific Reports

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-76295-1

Authors: Tulu Megersa Lammecha, Alemayehu Wakjira Huluka, Ramesh Babu Nallamothu

Institutions: Adama Science and Technology University, Mohan Babu University

Language: English

Topic: Battery Modeling and Management

Subfield: Automotive Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Affordable and clean energy, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,690