Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Classical methods for computing quantum expectation values often propagate observables in the Heisenberg picture. To remain tractable, these methods rely on approximations that discard operator components during evolution. Yet the magnitude of these components alone does not determine the resulting expectation-value error, which also depends on their subsequent evolution and the input state. We develop \emph{generalized Pauli propagation}, a common algebraic framework encompassing Pauli propagation, Lie-algebraic simulation, and Krylov subspace methods. Using weighted commutator graphs, we derive exact identities that relate approximation errors to the signed contributions of omitted and discarded operator components. Our central result establishes \emph{delayed observability}, identifying conditions under which these contributions vanish at low orders in propagation time. We use this structure to develop finite-order error estimates and state-dependent selection rules. We further prove that retaining the symmetry-preserving part of a weak perturbation eliminates first-order expectation-value errors under suitable symmetry conditions. By revealing how approximation errors affect the desired expectation value, our framework provides a basis for more informative error analysis and the development of readout-aware simulation strategies.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Institutions: Duke University, University of Augsburg
Language: English
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7223062442