Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Collective decision-making requires individuals to reconcile diverse, often conflicting opinions to reach a common course of action. However, within a group, individuals rarely exert equal influence, leading to non-reciprocal communication patterns manifested as leader-follower relationships and social hierarchies. Here, using homing pigeon flocks as a model system, we develop a trajectory-based framework to infer and quantify hierarchy within navigating living collectives. We find that while small flocks exhibit pronounced hierarchy, increasing flock size progressively weakens it, driving the collective toward more egalitarian decision-making. We provide a physical rationale for this observation using a thermodynamic framework in which non-reciprocal communication between birds carries an information-entropy cost. Our calculations reveal that hierarchy weakening observed in larger flocks is consistent with maintaining a constant per-individual entropy production rate across flock sizes. Together, these results suggest that constraints on information-processing capacity may play an important role in the collective dynamics of living organisms.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Language: English
Topic: Complex Systems and Dynamics
Subfield: Statistical and Nonlinear Physics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7223336320