Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Universal fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computers are expected to require millions of physical qubits; yet extending the prevailing dedicated-control-line paradigm to this scale would exceed the wiring density and cooling-power budget of dilution refrigerators. Microwave frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) revolutionized classical communications by enabling many independent channels to share common transmission infrastructure. Translating this principle to superconducting quantum control, however, requires an all-microwave architecture and experimental validation of frequency-multiplexed gate control. Recent work in quantum error correction has demonstrated microwave-based readout, single-qubit gates and leakage suppression, whereas two-qubit gates remain predominantly driven by unipolar pulses and thus constitute the missing element of an all-microwave architecture. Here, we propose a periodically extensible hybrid multiplexing framework in which all gate operations are frequency-division multiplexed using polychromatic microwave pulses and band-pass filters, thereby reducing the required control-line count by one to two orders of magnitude. In a 1:4 demonstration, we achieve average errors of $(6.4\pm0.2)\times10^{-3}$ for parallel FDM CZ gates and $(10.6\pm0.2)\times10^{-4}$ for parallel FDM $XY(π/2)$ gates, without statistically significant multiplexing-induced degradation. Together with on-chip DC sources, this FDM-based gate-control scheme completes the last missing module in a scalable multiplexed-control architecture toward universal fault-tolerant quantum computing.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Authors: Li, Dayu, Zhou, Naibin, Chen, Zhiyuan, Chen, Zihua, Xu, Yu, Li, Yuan, Fan, Daojin, Chu, Wenhao, Chen, Xiawei, Deng, Hui, Gui, Jiacheng, Hong, Linyin, Fan, Bo, Lin, Weiping, Zou, Haonan, Lou, Haoxin, Zhao, Xintao, Cao, Sirui, Chong, Ying, Zhu, Qingling, Wang, Chen, Hu, Yisen, Zhang, Kaili, Su, Feifan, Zhang, Haibin, Yin, Jianghan, Du, Yajie, Jiang, Yinan, Luo, Haoping, Yang, Weifeng, Wang, Jiafei, Lin, Jin, Liang, Futian, Rong, Hao, Yan, Kai, Gong, Ming, Li, Jinjin, Liu, Maliang, Peng, Cheng-Zhi, Li, Shaowei, Zhu, Xiaobo, Pan, Jian-Wei
Language: English
Subfield: Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: Jinan Science and Technology Bureau, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai Rising-Star Program, National Science and Technology Major Project, Youth Innovation Promotion Association, National Safety Academic Fund
OpenAlex ID: W7223990958