Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: The gravitational-wave spectrum produced by ultra-relativistic bubbles in a first-order cosmological phase transition can be approximated in terms of their energy density as a function of bubble size. Bubble collisions and post-collision classical evolution negligibly change it. The dominant energy loss is particle scattering, often in the Landau--Pomeranchuk--Migdal regime. So the GW spectrum depends on the particle-physics coupling (interpolating between the `envelope' and `bulk flow' limits), on the interaction type (gauge, Yukawa, scalar quartic, ...), and on whether particle number is conserved. Finally, we consider broken global symmetries, which give a mixture of `elastic' and `inelastic' collisions.
Source: arXiv (Cornell University)
Author: Strumia, Alessandro
Institution: University of Pisa
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7224076699