Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: ABSTRACT In the face of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), phage therapy presents a promising alternative to antibiotics, but efficacy is limited by biofilms, narrow host range, and the rapid development of phage resistance. Here we present a new concept for phage-based antimicrobials: using small molecules to help phages infect and kill bacteria. Using checkerboard synergy assays, growth curves, and biofilm assays, we evaluate short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFAs/MCFAs) with diverse lytic phages against 18 strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and extend our analysis to include more than 120 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . pH-neutral MCFAs (C6–C10) are bactericidal, do not diminish phage viability, and synergized with phages to delay or prevent phage-resistant bacterial rebound over 48 h. MCFAs lowered both attached and free bacterial biomass and were synergistic with envelope-active antibiotics (polymyxin B, ceftazidime, meropenem), supporting a mechanism involving bacterial envelope disruption. Phage-MCFA cooperativity was observed across both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria: across 18 S. maltophilia strains and four lytic phages, phage-MCFA combinations were predominantly additive-to-synergistic; in 91 strains of Enterococcus spp., pH-neutral C8 produced widespread synergy with phage CAR, and enabled killing of numerous strains that were recalcitrant to phage alone, effectively expanding the functional host range of phage CAR; in 18 strains of S. aureus , effects were stoichiometry-dependent, showing both synergy and antagonism depending on the ratio of phage-to-MCFA; in 14 strains of P. aeruginosa , interactions were largely additive. Together, this work elevates MCFAs as potential therapeutic accompaniments that stabilize and broaden phage efficacy by addressing several of phage therapy’s limitations at once and highlights the general potential of small molecules as phage adjuvants. SIGNIFICANCE Bacteriophages (phages) offer a promising therapeutic approach against antimicrobial resistant pathogens, but they are often limited by biofilms, narrow host ranges, and phage resistance. Using multiple Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains and lytic phages, we find that pH-neutral medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) enhance phage-mediated killing, reduce biofilm burden, and delay or prevent phage resistance. These benefits generalize beyond S. maltophilia : phage-MCFA interactions are broadly synergistic in Enterococcus spp., stoichiometry-dependent in Staphylococcus aureus , and largely additive in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . MCFAs also cooperate with envelope-active antibiotics and are antagonistic with translation inhibitors. Because fatty acids are inexpensive, biocompatible, and straightforward to formulate, our work establishes a practical strategy to create phage-permissive states and improve outcomes of phage, antibiotic, and phage-antibiotic therapies against high-priority infections.
Institution: University of California, Irvine
Language: English
Subfield: Ecology
Field: Environmental Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7224085030