Work

Evolution of immune infiltration and immune triad formation across early melanoma progression

Year: 2026

Type: preprint

Abstract: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in melanoma are a clinically important prognostic marker and are routinely used to inform patient care. However, when immune recognition of transformed melanocytes begins and how it evolves during early melanoma progression is not well understood. Using spatial transcriptomics and a unique cohort of patient-matched lesions representing multiple stages of early evolution, we investigate T cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and multi-cell immune “triads” during melanoma initiation. We find that T cell and DC density, triad density, and triad proximity to melanoma cells are elevated in regions of Stage I invasive melanoma as compared to Stage 0 in situ lesions and nevi. Further, we find that triad abundance correlates with both T cell and DC density, but is not predicted by clustering patterns of these cell types over larger spatial scales. We conclude that immune recognition of melanoma and engagement with the lesion significantly increases with progression from Stage 0 to Stage I disease. Further, using nevi that are depth-matched in the dermis to Stage I invasive lesions, we demonstrate this increased immune recognition is not a consequence of dermal invasion alone. This points to a paradigm where immune engagement of invasive melanoma reflects recognition of melanoma cell-intrinsic changes that emerge in Stage I disease. Significance Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict better melanoma patient outcomes even in early stage disease, but how and when immune recognition of melanoma is initiated remains poorly understood. Using patient-matched lesions of multiple progression stages, we find immune engagement with melanoma strongly increases between Stage 0 in situ and Stage I invasive disease.

Source: bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

DOI: 10.64898/2026.10.29.762853