Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii.
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a microscopic, intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. Environmental transmission mainly occurs through contact with contaminated soil, water, food, and vegetables containing infective oocysts. Domestic and wild cats are the definitive hosts of the parasite. They release millions of oocysts into the environment through their feces. These oocysts become infective after sporulating in the soil, usually within 1–5 days. They can survive in moist soil and water for several months or longer under favorable conditions. Humans become infected mainly through: Contaminated soil: Gardening, farming, and handling soil containing cat feces. Contaminated water: Drinking untreated water containing infective oocysts. Contaminated vegetables and fruits: Eating unwashed or improperly cleaned produce. Food transmission: Consuming raw or undercooked meat containing tissue cysts. Animal transmission: Exposure to contaminated environments while handling livestock or animal products. Environmental factors such as rainfall, humidity, temperature, poor sanitation, and improper disposal of cat feces influence the survival and spread of the parasite. Pregnant women are particularly at risk because infection during pregnancy can pass to the fetus and cause congenital toxoplasmosis. Prevention includes drinking safe water, washing fruits and vegetables, cooking meat thoroughly, wearing gloves while gardening, and maintaining proper hygiene.
Author: Diseases, Infectious
Institution: Osh State University
Language: English
Subfield: Parasitology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7225087834