Work

Harnessing the placebo effect: A practical review of mechanisms and clinical applications

Year: 2026

Type: review

Abstract: The placebo effect is a powerful psychobiological phenomenon that significantly influences clinical outcomes in a wide range of medical conditions. Conversely, the nocebo effect, whereby negative expectations worsen symptoms or generate adverse effects, can undermine treatment efficacy, increase symptom burden, and reduce medication adherence. This review examines the historical evolution, neurobiological underpinnings, and key determinants of the placebo and nocebo responses. Practical strategies are outlined to ethically harness placebo effects and minimize nocebo responses in clinical practice.

Source: Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.93a.25057

Authors: Mohamad El Zein, Adele C. Viguera

Institutions: Lincoln Medical Center, New York Medical College, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University

Language: English

Topic: Pain Management and Placebo Effect

Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience

Field: Neuroscience

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: diamond

OpenAlex ID: W7225116294