Work

Electrochemical-Impedance-Spectroscopy-Informed Gaussian-Process-Regression-Enabled Spectral-Band Current Allocation for Heterogeneous Battery Banks in Islanded DC Microgrids Under EV Charging Load Profiles

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This paper proposes an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-informed spectral-band current allocation framework for coordinating heterogeneous battery banks in islanded photovoltaic-assisted direct current (dc) microgrids (dc MGs for simplicity) under electric vehicle (EV) charging load profiles. The main objective is to utilize measured battery impedance characteristics as supervisory control information. Measured impedance spectra are fitted with an equivalent circuit model, and the extracted electrochemical time-scale features are mapped into low-, mid-, and high-band control regions. Gaussian process regression is then employed to generate state-of-charge (SOC)-temperature-dependent suitability surfaces, which are combined online with SOC and thermal feasibility gates, state-of-health weighting, current limits, residual-current redistribution, and adaptive droop scheduling. The proposed method is evaluated under realistic 24-h customer–EV charging load profiles with photovoltaic (PV) support, where the net battery-power demand ranges from the PV-surplus charging operation to a high evening discharge interval. The experimental results from power hardware-in-the-loop simulations reveal that the controller maintains tight dc-bus voltage regulation. The spectral allocation also produces physically interpretable behavior, assigning the dominant energy-balancing demand to the low-frequency band while reserving the mid- and high-frequency bands for faster corrective support. Throughout the system operation, all battery bank SOC and temperature trajectories remain within the specified safety limits. These experiments demonstrate that pack-derived EIS information can serve as a practical supervisory signal for health- and stability-aware, dynamically interpretable battery bank coordination in islanded dc MGs.

Source: IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification

DOI: 10.1109/tte.2026.3749062

Authors: Roland Kobla Tagayi, Masoud Davari, Weinan Gao, Frede Blaabjerg, Tianyou Chai

Institutions: Georgia Southern University, Northeastern University, Aalborg University

Language: English

Topic: Battery Modeling and Management

Subfield: Automotive Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Affordable and clean energy, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $2,645