Work

A survey of routing protocols for internet of underwater things from a performance evaluation perspective

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: In this paper, we present a review of IoUT routing protocols, categorizing them into four groups: geographic, opportunistic, void-handling, and clustering routing protocols. We compare and evaluate these routing categories using various performance metrics. Furthermore, we analyze the strengths, limitations, applications, and performance trade-offs of existing IoUT routing protocols across the evaluation scenarios considered. Finally, we discuss key challenges and future research directions for the development of IoUT routing protocols.

Source: npj Wireless Technology

DOI: 10.1038/s44459-026-00091-6

Authors: Sarang Karim, Faisal Karim Shaikh, Sherali Zeadally, Lubna Luxmi Dhirani, Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry

Institutions: University of Limerick, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, University of Kentucky, University of Johannesburg

Language: English

Topic: Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems

Subfield: Ocean Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: diamond

Funders: University of Limerick, Research Ireland