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Enzyme-Immobilized Nanomaterials for Endocrine Disorders: Therapeutic Innovation and Translational Challenges

Year: 2026
Type: review
Abstract: Endocrine disorders result from chronic disturbances in the hormonal regulation and feedback control, which cause metabolic, reproductive, and systemic complications. Despite the advances in disease management with current therapies such as hormone replacement or multi-pathway pharmacological therapies, problems with variable patient response, side effects and the need for continuous monitoring and dose adjustment remain. To overcome some of these limitations, enzyme-immobilized nanomaterials have become attractive platforms for providing controlled biochemical interactions, catalytic activity and enzyme stability for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Enzymes can be immobilized using adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking and entrapment to minimize denaturation, enhance reusability and improve operational performance. At the nanoscale level, other advantages of having high surface area and tunable interfacial chemistry are the better orientation of the enzyme, mass transfer and control over enzyme activity. There are other benefits for magnetic and field responsive nanomaterials in recovery, re-use, scalable processing and regenerable biosensing systems. In this review, the therapeutic potential of enzyme-immobilized nanomaterials for endocrine diseases has been discussed, focusing on the concepts of nanobiocatalyst design, biosensing for endocrine diseases, and the promise of biomanufacturing in the same field. It also points to some of the main hurdles facing the clinical translation of these technologies, such as problems with enzyme leaching, diffusion limitations, loss of interfacial activity, reproducibility issues, long-term stability, and safety evaluation requirements.
DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s607705
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,836
OpenAlex ID: W7225160487
FWCI:
Cites: 133
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Related to: 10