Mechanistic Insights Into How Acupuncture Modulates Host Immunity via the Gut Microbiota‐Macrophage Axis
Year: 2026
Type: review
Abstract: BACKGROUND: . This review synthesizes current evidence on how acupuncture may orchestrate a top-down regulation of the intestinal microenvironment through somato-vagal circuits, particularly those involving PROKR2-expressing sensory fibers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This narrative review examined recent preclinical and clinical literature on acupuncture, gut microbiota, metabolites, and macrophage polarization. Studies were selected by relevance and expert judgment. Evidence was organized around the proposed gut microbiota-macrophage axis. RESULTS: In preclinical rodent models and some human studies, acupuncture has been reported to suppress pathogens such as Proteobacteria. It may also promote symbionts like Akkermansia muciniphila and butyrate-producing taxa. Butyrate promotes anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization via histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. In rodent models, acupuncture has been shown to strengthen barrier integrity. It may upregulate tight junction proteins. It may also prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation and suppress M1-driven cascades. These effects extend distally via the gut-lung and gut-brain axes. DISCUSSION: It is important to note that this proposed cascade is primarily derived from preclinical rodent models, and direct evidence in humans that confirms all steps from vagal activation to macrophage reprogramming remains incomplete. Ultimately, acupuncture may serve as a potential eco-immunological therapy that restores balance between the microbiome and innate immunity. This framework provides a preliminary conceptual basis for the eventual development of personalized, biomarker-driven protocols for chronic inflammatory diseases, although this hypothesis requires rigorous causal validation.
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.70567
Authors: Tao Yang, Mei Li, Xiaowen Wu
Language: English
Subfield: Complementary and alternative medicine
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,300
OpenAlex ID: W7225290672