Work

Cyber-Physical Systems: Definitions, Foundations and Open Challenges

Year: 2026

Type: preprint

Abstract: Cyber-physical systems (CPS) integrate computation, networking and physical processes. This review summarises how the field was framed in early foundational papers and later surveys, the main design challenges they identify (the treatment of time, concurrency, heterogeneity, and the interplay of control and computing), and how the concept has been applied to manufacturing. It also identifies recurring themes that cross application domains and points out topics where the cited sources are mainly conceptual rather than quantitative. This is a narrative review; it contains no new data.

Source: Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23983446

Authors: Numanowa, Selbi, Orazov, Yslam, Ussayeva, Ayjemal

Institution: Oguz Han Engineering and Technology University of Turkmenistan

Language: English

Topic: Digital Transformation in Industry

Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

Open Access status: green

OpenAlex ID: W7225318149

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