Osteosarcoma: A Narrative Review of Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches
Year: 2026
Type: review
Abstract: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour which affects children, adolescents and is characterised by malignant osteoid production by mesenchymal cells. It is an aggressive malignancy having early metastatic potential usually to the lungs. Molecular mechanisms underlying OS including genomic instability, Tumor Protein p53 gene (TP53) and RB Transcriptional Corepressor 1 gene (RB1) alterations, dysregulated signalling pathways along with epigenetic abnormalities that further contributes to tumour progression, metastasis. Standard management involves multimodal therapy along with chemotherapy and surgical resection; however, prognosis remains poor in metastatic as well as recurrent disease. Emerging targeted therapies and immunotherapeutic strategies can improve future clinical outcomes in OS. The present narrative review thus aims to summarise current understanding of clinical features, classification, molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic advances including Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based approaches as well as emerging therapeutic strategies in OS.
Language: English
Subfield: Oncology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $275
OpenAlex ID: W7225327949