Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: The Bollobás-Nikiforov (BN) conjecture, in its clique-number form, asserts that every non-complete graph $G$ of order $n$ with $m$ edges and clique number $\omega(G)$ satisfies\[\lambda_1(G)^2+\lambda_2(G)^2\le 2\left(1-\frac1{\omega(G)}\right)m,\]where $\lambda_1(G)\ge \lambda_2(G)\ge\cdots\ge\lambda_n(G)$ are the adjacency eigenvalues of $G$.We prove an unconditional perturbative form for graphs that can be made triangle-free by deleting few edges. Let $\eta_{\triangle}(G)$ be the minimum number of edges whose deletion destroys all triangles of $G$. Every non-complete graph $G$ on at least two vertices satisfies\[\lambda_1(G)^2+\lambda_2(G)^2\le 2\left(1-\frac1\omega\right)m+C_\omega \eta_{\triangle}(G),\]where $\omega=\omega(G)$ and\[C_\omega=2+\frac2\omega+\frac{4\omega}{\omega-2}\qquad (\omega\ge3).\]For $\omega=1,2$, no additive error is needed. Since $C_\omega\le 44/3$, a uniform error term $(44/3) \eta_{\triangle}(G)$ is valid. The emphasis of the result is the explicit finite error that is linear in the edge-deletion distance from the triangle-free class. We also show that the vertex-disjoint triangle packing number cannot replace $\eta_{\triangle}(G)$ in this perturbative framework, and we clarify the relation with bounds expressed in terms of the total number of triangles.
DOI: 10.37236/15969
Author: Yong Lu
Institution: Jiangsu Normal University
Language: English
Subfield: Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
Awards: G2405134708, G5861376312
OpenAlex ID: W7225339432