Distinguishing Bardeen-like black holes by gravitational lensing — E8 Intelligence Research
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: We study Bardeen-like regular black holes without Cauchy horizons via gravitational lensing. In the weak field, the deflection angle receives a positive ℓ-dependent correction, producing a slightly larger Einstein ring. For the galaxy ESO 325-G004, the predicted ring radius is consistent with current observations. In the strong field, for Sgr A* and M87*, the asymptotic position θ∞ remains identical to the Schwarzschild value; however, SDL coefficients are ℓ-dependent, the angular separation s increases and the relative flux ratio rmag decreases as ℓ increases. Time delays between relativistic images for Sgr A* and M87* also increase mildly with ℓ. Our calculated values for these observables remain consistent with current observations. Future strong-field measurements of △T2,1, s, and rmag may offer a viable test for regular black holes free of Cauchy horizons and may distinguish Bardeen-like from Schwarzschild black holes. Source: https://u Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com
Author: Caldin, Andrew Stewart
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7225375205