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Lens Pathology, Classification, Methods of Treatment

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This article reviews the pathology of the lens in a structured manner: its normal biology and the mechanisms of opacification; the classification of lens pathology by etiology, anatomical location, and maturity, including the standardized Lens Opacities Classification System III; the clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation; and the full spectrum of treatment, from optical correction and risk-factor modification through the modern surgical armamentarium of small-incision phacoemulsification, femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery, and manual small-incision cataract surgery, to the expanding world of intraocular lens technology including monofocal, toric, extended depth-of-focus, and multifocal designs.

Source: Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.24027435

Authors: Klara Amangeldievna Rayimova, Kushal Kumar, Sikkandar Basha Mohamed Arsath

Institution: Osh State University

Language: English

Topic: Intraocular Surgery and Lenses

Subfield: Ophthalmology

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: green

OpenAlex ID: W7225462716

FWCI:

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Related to: 10