“They're Not Actively Malicious, They're Not Supportive Actively Either”: Mixed Family Support and Ambiguous Belonging Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: ABSTRACT Background Family research on TGD youth has largely framed parental responses as affirming or rejecting, obscuring the ambiguous relational space where support and doubt coexist. Ambiguous Loss Theory and the Minority Family Stress Model (MFSM) offer complementary frameworks for understanding how unclear, inconsistent, or fragmented family responses may function as a distinct form of minority stress. Centering youths' perspectives is critical for clarifying how these dynamics shape well‐being. Method Using a qualitative design, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of TGD adolescents who had disclosed their gender identity to at least one family member. Interviews focused on family reactions to disclosure and subsequent relational dynamics. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to identify patterns of ambiguity in parental and family responses. Results Analysis identified multiple forms of family response ambiguity, including partial affirmation, misalignment between verbal support and behavior, emotional unpreparedness, and divided responses across family members. Participants described relational climates marked by instability and uncertainty, in which caregivers were physically present yet emotionally inconsistent. These ambiguous responses were experienced as ongoing stressors rather than transitional stages toward acceptance. Conclusion Ambiguous parental responses constitute a distinct relational process that produces conditions of ambiguous loss for TGD adolescents, with caregivers present in form but not emotional substance. Implications Findings highlight the need for family‐level interventions that promote clarity, consistency, and integrated affirmation to reduce minority family stress and support TGD youths' well‐being.
DOI: 10.1111/jomf.70132
Language: English
Subfield: Social Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $4,050
OpenAlex ID: W7225644304