The Thermodynamic Ceiling on Electrochemical Battery Energy Density: A Full-Mass Recount for Lithium-Ion, Lithium-Sulfur, Sodium-Ion, and Lithium-Oxygen Cells
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Full-mass thermodynamic ceilings (Wh/kg, counting both electrodes and oxygen) are computed from Gibbs energies for Li-ion (584), Li-S (2509), Na-ion (316), and Li-O2 (3458), compared with single-electrode advertised figures and best achieved values, decomposing the advertised-vs-achieved gap into bookkeeping (35-73%) and engineering loss.
Author: Aldred, William Alexander
Language: English
Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7225731782
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