Get started
Work

Review of carbon quantum dots synthesis and structure property relationships with emerging applications

Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are small carbon particles known for their tunable photoluminescence, water solubility, and low toxicity. Consequently, they have been utilized across various fields, including sensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, photocatalysis, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Over the past decade, extensive research has focused on CQD synthesis methods, key properties (structural, photoluminescent, surface states, and biological behavior), and primary applications such as wastewater treatment, trace pollutant sensing, and clinical delivery vehicles. While several recent review articles have covered CQD synthesis, characterization, and applications including comparisons with other carbon nanostructures; critical fundamental aspects remain unresolved. Additionally, the field faces practical challenges, including a lack of standardized synthesis and characterization protocols, difficulties in scaling up production, and insufficient safety evaluations regarding long-term cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The current review provides a brief background and history of CQD research while integrating recent advancements to address these ongoing challenges, offering a comprehensive comparison between CQDs and other carbon-based nanomaterials. The novelty of this review lies in integrating recent advances in CQD synthesis and applications with a critical analysis of structural heterogeneity, surface states, photoluminescence mechanisms, pH-dependent stability, cytotoxicity, purification, and reproducibility, while comparatively evaluating CQDs against other carbon-based nanomaterials and conventional photocatalysts. Clinical trial Not applicable. Human trial Not applicable.
DOI: 10.1007/s44508-026-00030-x
Language: English
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W7225784461
FWCI:
Cites: 136
Cited by:
Related to: