Domain Walls Born at a Temperature Ceiling: Initial Density, Domination Time, and the Persistence of the Wall Problem
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This paper computes a consequence of the torsion-regulated bounce for topological defects, using the density ceiling of 9.718e+54 grams per cubic centimetre and the maximum temperature of 3.278e+22 kelvin that follows from it. At the ceiling scale the wall tension is sigma = 7.538e+32 kilograms per square metre, corresponding to eta cubed = 1.646e+28 GeV cubed. A network formed at that scale begins with a fraction 6.031e-10 of the total density, a small share, as expected for a defect born at a correlation spacing. Left undisturbed, however, the network's slow dilution lets it overtake radiation at t = 1.778e-16 seconds after the bounce, when the temperature has fallen to about 1.387e+05 GeV. For scale, at one second the wall density would be 2.514e+24 kilograms per cubic metre against a radiation density of 4.471e+08; walls formed at the ceiling scale and never destroyed dominate long before nucleosynthesis. The ceiling lowers the formation scale by many orders relative to a grand-unified transition, yet the domination time remains microscopically short on cosmological clocks. The calculation is performed from stated assumptions with all arithmetic deposited, and it is a computation, not a measurement.
Author: Aldred, William Alexander
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7225788274
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