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The versatile roles of macrophages in the homeostasis and pathogenesis of orofacial hard tissues

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Macrophages are emerging as central regulators of the osteoimmune microenvironment in orofacial hard tissues, where unique mechanical, vascular and microbial cues shape a highly dynamic immune landscape. This review integrates the evidence for recently identified macrophage subpopulations; highlights how local mechanical, vascular, and inflammatory cues shape macrophage heterogeneity; and discusses how these context-dependent programmes contribute to tissue maintenance, regeneration, and pathology. We also summarize cutting-edge therapeutic strategies, shifting focus from broad immunosuppression to precise immunomodulation. A better understanding of macrophage phenotypic plasticity and spatiotemporal dynamics will provide novel insights for the treatment and research of orofacial hard tissue diseases.

Source: Communications Biology

DOI: 10.1038/s42003-026-11140-9

Authors: Lanxi He, Songsong Zhu, Ruiye Bi

Institutions: Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Zhejiang University Medical College Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Zhejiang University

Language: English

Topic: Bone Metabolism and Diseases

Subfield: Molecular Biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Domain: Life Sciences

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $4,190

OpenAlex ID: W7225823409

FWCI:

Cites: 138

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