Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart agriculture monitoring prototype built around an ESP32 microcontroller. The system integrates soil-moisture sensing, ambient temperature and relative-humidity measurement, and irrigation-water monitoring through total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity sensors. A relay interface controls a water pump, and an OLED provides local status information. Selected values and pump state are shared through Firebase Realtime Database for a web dashboard, while a Telegram bot supports status requests and remote mode and pump commands. The supplied firmware implements threshold-based automatic control with soil-moisture hysteresis and multi-sample confirmation. This manuscript documents the implemented architecture and interface evidence. It does not claim calibrated sensor accuracy, water savings, crop-yield improvement, or field-scale reliability; these require controlled validation
Institution: Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Language: English
Topic: Smart Agriculture and AI
Subfield: Plant Science
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7225831033
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