Counterspeech or Disagreement? Comparing Oppositional Replies in China’s AI Controversies on Social Media
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Online technological controversies often involve both ordinary disagreement and counterspeech, yet these forms of opposition are rarely compared within the same discussion environment. Drawing on argumentation theories, this study compares disagreement replies to non-hateful comments with counterspeech replies to hateful comments in Douyin discussions of China’s AI controversies, where hate speech may include stigmatizing generalizations about social groups. Using 9,407 oppositional parent–response dyads, we compared like counts, toxicity, subsequent toxic replies, and the distribution and reception of six response types. Counterspeech and disagreement did not differ significantly in like counts, but counterspeech exhibited higher toxicity and was related to greater odds of toxicity among direct replies posted within seven days. Despite sharing the same six response types, the two response contexts varied in their type distributions and associations with likes. These findings situate counterspeech within a broader spectrum of online opposition, revealing contextual differences in its argumentative expression and subsequent interaction across hateful and non-hateful contexts.
Source: Cogitatio (Cogitatio)
DOI: 10.17645/mac.12692
Authors: Wei, Lishuang, Ning, Chuanlin
Institutions: Addis Ababa University, Ambo University
Language: English
Subfield: Artificial Intelligence
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7225833353
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