The impact of genetic interactions in antibiotic resistance
Year: 2011
Type: dissertation
Abstract: Genetic interactions, both between genetic material and between this and the surrounding environment of a given individual are important factors for understanding the process of evolution of natural populations. The study of this interactions as well as their integration in evolutionary terms may have several applications such as, for example, understanding the observed prevalence of antibiotic resistance in natural populations. In this thesis the patterns of genetic interactions between multiple-resistances to antibiotics were explored. In particular, epistasis and genotype-by-environment interactions operating among antibiotic resistances were studied. To measure levels of epistasis occurring between multiple-antibiotic-resistances in the complete absence of antibiotics, mutants resistant to three antibiotics commonly used in clinic were first generated: nalidixic acid, rifampicin and streptomycin. With these mutants double resistant mutants were created. By measuring the costs of each mutation individually and jointly the type of epistasis operating between different sets of resistance mutations was determined. The cost of double resistance was majorly lower than expected, revealing the presence of positive epistasis between mutations conferring resistance to the studied antibiotics. The same patterns were observed for interactions between a set of resistance mutations and conjugative plasmids with multiple-resistance factors. However, in this case, extreme cases of positive epistasis coined sign epistasis were observed for a large fraction of combinations. This type of interactions was also observed in the previous study yet less frequently. Naturally occurring bacteria are often faced with a multitude of environments. The action of environmental changes in the effects of antibiotic resistance mutations was studied for a group of mutations resistant to four antibiotics in three environments differing in the CHAPTER I viii number of comprised environmental stresses. This study revealed, for most cases, a strong pattern of interactions between the different genotypes and the environment.
Author: Sandra Isabel Gonçalves Trindade
Language: English
Subfield: Genetics
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W96707152