Keyword

hidden variables

Description: Unobservable quantities introduced to account for outcomes in models, including quantum theories and probabilistic systems such as Bayesian networks.

Primary topic: Quantum Mechanics and Applications (59%)

Wikidata ID: wiki/Q898521

OpenAlex ID: keywords/hidden-variables

Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?

1935 · A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, et al. · Physical Review · 16,644

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On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox

1964 · J. S. Bell · Physics Physique Fizika · 12,238

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1952 · David Bohm · Physical Review · 5,504

The expectation-maximization algorithm

1996 · T.K. Moon · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · 3,193

On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics

1966 · JOHN S. BELL · Reviews of Modern Physics · 2,848

1952 · David Bohm · Physical Review · 2,052

The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics

1975 · Simon Kochen, E. P. Specker · Springer eBooks · 1,649

Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe

1989 · Kafatos, Menas · Springer eBooks · 1,631

The EM Algorithm and Extensions, 2E

2008 · Geoffrey J. McLachlan, Thriyambakam Krishnan · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · 1,530

Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics

2004 · J. S. Bell, Alain Aspect · Cambridge University Press eBooks · 1,259

Hidden Variables, Joint Probability, and the Bell Inequalities

1982 · Arthur Fine · Physical Review Letters · 1,181

The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics

1967 · Simon Kochen, E. Specker · Indiana University Mathematics Journal · 1,172

Hidden variables and the two theorems of John Bell

1993 · N. David Mermin · Reviews of Modern Physics · 1,077

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Mixture Models: Inference and Applications to Clustering.

1989 · Bruce Lindsay, G. L. McLachlan, et al. · Journal of the American Statistical Association · 1,062

Discriminative training and maximum entropy models for statistical machine translation

2001 · Franz Josef Och, Hermann Ney · Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) · 1,035

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Renormalization of Critical Exponents by Hidden Variables

1968 · Michael E. Fisher · Physical Review · 818

Beliefs: A Hidden Variable in Mathematics Education?

2002 · Gilah C. Leder, Erkki Pehkonen, et al. · Springer eBooks · 768

Simple unified form for the major no-hidden-variables theorems

1990 · N. David Mermin · Physical Review Letters · 751

The relationship between mathematics preparation and conceptual learning gains in physics: A possible “hidden variable” in diagnostic pretest scores

2002 · David E. Meltzer · American Journal of Physics · 689

Learning the Structure of Dynamic Probabilistic Networks

2013 · Friedman, Nir, Murphy, Kevin, et al. · arXiv (Cornell University) · 561

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Quantum Equilibrium and the Origin of Absolute Uncertainty

2015 · Detlef D, Sheldon Goldstein, et al. · 556

Simple Test for Hidden Variables in Spin-1 Systems

2008 · Alexander A. Klyachko, M. Ali Can, et al. · Physical Review Letters · 545

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Localizing Parts of Faces Using a Consensus of Exemplars

2013 · Peter N. Belhumeur, David W. Jacobs, et al. · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · 522

Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars

2011 · Peter N. Belhumeur, David W. Jacobs, et al. · 518

Connectionist learning of belief networks

1992 · Radford M. Neal · Artificial Intelligence · 513

Works count: 4,887

Citation count: 110,500