Year: 2024
Type: article
Abstract: The nonlinear dynamics of electric scooters are investigated using a spatial mechanical model. The equations of motion are derived with the help of Kane’s method. Two control algorithms are designed in order to balance the e-scooter in a vertical position at zero forward speed. Hierarchical, linear state feedback controllers with feedback delay are considered. In the case of a delay-free controller, the linear stability properties are analyzed analytically, with the help of the Routh–Hurwitz criteria. The linear stability charts of the delayed controllers are constructed with the help of the D-subdivision method and semi-discretization. The control gains of the controllers are optimized with respect to the robustness against perturbations. The effects of the feedback delay of the controllers, the rake angle, the trail, and the center of gravity of the handlebar on the linear stability are shown. The performance of the control algorithms is verified by means of numerical simulations.
Source: Multibody System Dynamics
Authors: Hanna Zsofia Horvath, Denes Takacs
Institution: Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Language: English
Subfield: Control and Systems Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,890
OpenAlex ID: W4401517841