Year: 2025
Type: review
Study design: Systematic Review
Abstract: remineralizing agents such as nHA. 4 Consequently, newer nonfluoride remineralizing agents have been introduced, such as IntroductIonDental caries remains a major public health concern, especially among children, with approximately 530 million primary teeth affected worldwide (WHO, 2022).Fluoride-based agents are widely used for enamel remineralization due to their proven efficacy.However, concerns regarding dental and skeletal fluorosis have increased the demand for safer alternatives.Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) has emerged as a promising biomimetic material that mimics the natural composition of enamel, providing biocompatibility and bioactivity without the risks associated with fluoride.1 Enamel plays a crucial role in this process, and its porosity influences the rate of demineralization.The rate of demineralization is affected by the difference in the enamel porosity.Mean mineral concentration in the enamel of primary and permanent teeth differs greatly. 2 Human enamel is mainly composed of calcium phosphate, arranged as hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) in a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1:67.HA is the most stable and least soluble form of calcium phosphate, essential for enamel integrity.Loss of inorganic ions from HA crystals leads to enamel demineralization, which is caused by acid production by bacteria.Neutralization of this acidic environment will increase calcium ions and cause remineralization; hence, the use of fluoride as a remineralizing agent was recommended in the initial stages of caries lesions.3 Although fluoride has demonstrated cariostatic effects over decades, its dose-dependent toxicity raises concerns about dental and skeletal fluorosis, prompting research into alternative 1,
Institutions: Nitte University, Vinayaka Missions University
Language: English
Subfield: General Dentistry
Field: Dentistry
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W4412923922