Work

Identifying the dominant drivers of grassland degradation in Inner Mongolia, China

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Grassland degradation (GD) is a complex, multi-factorial, and multi-dimensional process. Identifying its drivers requires a multi-level approach that integrates dynamic changes, synergistic interactions, and spatial heterogeneity of various factors. Recognising key drivers at the regional level is essential for effective management, as it supports context-specific strategies to curb GD. In this study, we analysed the spatiotemporal dynamics of GD and restoration in Inner Mongolia (1990–2020) at the league/city level based on land-use/land-cover changes. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we examined ten driving factors categorised into urbanisation, human disturbance, climate, and livelihood. We applied partial order theory and Hasse diagrams to identify the dominant degradation drivers. Our findings revealed the following. (1) From 1990 to 2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020, GD affected 3.7%, 2.9%, and 3.2% of the study area, respectively, whereas grassland restoration occurred across 3.5%, 3.8%, and 2.5% of the study area, respectively. Grassland restored overall with partial degraded since 1990. (2) Before 2000, human disturbance was the primary driver, influencing 9 of the 12 leagues/cities, followed by climatic factors and urbanisation. After 2000, urbanisation became the dominant driver in most regions. (3) Economic development and land-use strategies evolved through three phases: grassland privatisation and protection (pre-2000), ecological restoration and industrial transformation (2000–2010), and a ‘win-win’ phase balancing protection and economic growth (post-2010). These policies significantly shaped land-use dynamics and key degradation drivers. Therefore, implementing context-specific policy adjustments can effectively contribute to sustainable regional development.

Source: Ecological Indicators

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114161