Work

Sport development index as a predictor of physical activity and aerobic fitness: evidence from Indonesian universities with regional contrasts

Year: 2025

Type: article

Abstract: Introduction: Institutional support has a significant impact on physical activity and fitness of University Members in Indonesia, but there is limited empirical data linking SDI metrics to health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: This study examines the correlation between SDI scores and aerobic fitness and physical activity levels of University Members in Indonesia. Methodology: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted across 14 Indonesian universities (42.86% Java, 57.14% non-Java). SDI was evaluated via a 75-item checklist (α = 0.89). Physical activity (MET-minutes/week) was measured using the IPAQ-SF, while aerobic fitness (VO₂ max) was assessed via the 20-meter (MFT). Results: Universities with higher SDI demonstrated stronger physical activity (mean MET-minutes = 1,728 ± 1,182) and fitness levels (VO₂ max = 35.8 ± 4.63 ml/kg/min). Significant positive correlations emerged between SDI and physical activity (*r* = 0.910, *p* < 0.001) and fitness (*r* = 0.906, *p* < 0.001). Non-Java institutions outperformed Java counterparts in inclusive policies (57.14% scored ≥20/25), despite lower budgets. Discussion: SDI elements like staff training, including policies, and accessible facilities enhance student engagement, aligning with international research. Decentralized governance could improve inclusivity in resource-limited environments, but budget disparities worsen participation gaps. Conclusions: SDI is a crucial indicator of student health outcomes in Indonesian universities. Policymakers should prioritize mandatory sports budgets, equitable resource distribution, and region-specific approaches to reducing inequities.

Source: Retos

DOI: 10.47197/retos.v75.117110