Pupillometric evidence for perceptual simulation in language comprehension: Sensory and emotional meanings of Japanese adjectives
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that words associated with brightness (e.g., “sun”) elicit smaller pupil diameters than those related to darkness (e.g., “night”). The present study aimed to determine whether these language-induced pupillary responses are driven by the luminance of the mentally simulated content—referred to here as sensory interpretation —or by the conceptual brightness linked to the words’ emotional valence, termed emotional interpretation . To address this question, we utilized the Japanese adjectives akarui and kurai , which can denote both luminance, as in the noun phrase akarui/kurai gamen (“bright/dark screen”), and emotional valence, as in akarui/kurai seikaku (“cheerful/gloomy personality”). Participants were presented with noun phrases composed of these adjectives and various nouns ( akarui/kurai + noun). A significant main effect of the adjective indicated that phrases containing akarui yielded smaller pupil diameters than those containing kurai . Furthermore, although the interaction effect did not reach significance, the adjective effect was observed only when the adjectives conveyed luminance, not when they conveyed emotional valence. These findings suggest that sensory, rather than emotional, interpretation better explains language-induced changes in pupil size. The use of pupillometry as a measure of perceptual simulation offers more direct and compelling evidence in support of the central claim of embodied language theories: that during language comprehension, readers and listeners spontaneously generate sensorimotor simulations of the described content. Future studies are warranted to examine whether these findings extend to sentence- and discourse-level processing, as well as to simulations of information conveyed implicitly or indirectly through language.
Source: Perception
Authors: Keiyu Niikuni, Manami Sato
Institutions: Niigata Seiryo University, Okinawa International University
Language: English
Subfield: Linguistics and Language
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,650
Awards: Field-based Cognitive Neuroscientific Study of Word Order in Language and Order of Thinking from the OS Language Perspective, Universality and interaction among physical actions, language, and cognition: Comparative study of endangered verb-initial language, English, and Japanese, Pseudo-Dynamic Preservation and Elucidation of Neural Processing of Endangered Languages Based on Natural Discourse Corpora with Physiological Indices, Perspective adoption in language comprehension: Developmental, cross-cultural, and cross-language aspects, Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Mental Simulation in Speakers of Verb-Initial Languages, How Word Order Affects Mental Simulation: Insights from Verb-Initial Languages, Perceptual and motor simulation in language comprehension: From developmental perspectives
OpenAlex ID: W7124170679