Work

Hybrid Metaheuristic-Based Probabilistic Planning of Weak Power Grids with Renewable Generation and Hydrogen Energy Storage

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: The large-scale integration of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and photovoltaic (PV) generation increases operational uncertainty and can exacerbate stability limitations in weak transmission networks, motivating the use of green hydrogen energy storage systems (HESS). This paper presents a probabilistic planning framework for the joint siting and sizing of HESS to support hybrid WTG–PV integration under stochastic wind, solar irradiance, and load conditions. The proposed framework explicitly couples Monte Carlo-based probabilistic power flow with weak-grid security constraints by enforcing FVSI-based voltage-stability limits and an SSI-based system-strength requirement within the optimization loop, rather than treating these indices as post-analysis checks. The planning problem is formulated using a weighted-sum scalarization to minimize life-cycle carbon footprint and active power losses, subject to security constraints based on the Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) and a system-strength constraint expressed through a System Strength Index (SSI). To solve the resulting constrained, nonlinear optimization problem, a sequential hybrid metaheuristic that couples Whale Optimization (exploration) with Osprey Optimization (exploitation) is developed. The framework is implemented in MATLAB using MATPOWER and evaluated on a modified IEEE 39-bus system. Simulation results report an annual carbon footprint of 22.16 Mt CO2eq/yr, an improvement of 9.2% and 5.3% relative to PSO and GA/PSO baselines, respectively, while increasing the weakest-bus SSI to 4.68 (bus 7). The resulting HESS design comprises a 296.9 MW electrolyzer, a 262.7 MW fuel cell, and 28,012 kg of hydrogen storage.

Source: Energies

DOI: 10.3390/en19051288

Authors: Ayman Hussein Badawi, Mohamed M. Zakaria Moustafa, Mostafa S. Hamad, Ayman Samy Abdel-Khalik, Ragi A. R. Hamdy

Institutions: Alexandria University, University of St. Thomas - Minnesota, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport, Sultan Qaboos University

Language: English

Topic: Optimal Power Flow Distribution

Subfield: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Affordable and clean energy, Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Climate action

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137