The fundamental planes of black hole activity for high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacertae objects
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: ABSTRACT The radio–X-ray correlation and fundamental plane (FP) of black hole activity can serve as a diagnostic tool for the origin of X-ray emissions. There was a scaling relation between radio and X-ray emissions for high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacertae objects (HBLs), i.e. $L_{\rm {R}}\propto L_{\rm {X}}^{0.64}$, which can be explained by ADAF-dominated mode or synchrotron cooling (Syn-c). However, many results of studying blazar physics show that the X-ray emissions of HBLs are mainly produced by the synchrotron process of jets. Therefore, Syn-c appears to provide a plausible explanation for this relation. To further clarify the origin of X-ray emissions of HBLs, we constructed a sample containing 69 HBLs in this paper to re-investigate their radio–X-ray correlation and FP. Considering the Doppler beaming effect, we find that the intrinsic radio–X-ray correlation and FP of HBLs are $L_{\rm R,int}\propto L_{\rm X,int}^{0.68}$ and $\log L_{\rm R,int}=(0.57\pm 0.06)\log L_{\rm X,int}+(0.33\pm 0.11)\log M_{\rm BH}+(12.65\pm 2.00)$, respectively. Our results agree with the scaling relation mention above, which suggests these scaling relations are not artificial. By employing the theoretical model of Syn-c, we find that these shallow radio–X-ray correlations and FP are caused by Syn-c, which implies that the X-ray emissions of HBLs may be produced by rapidly cooling, high-energy electrons accelerated at a shock. This is consistent with results of the recent X-ray polarization observations of HBLs. Our results provide the observational evidence of $L_{\rm R}\propto L_{\rm X_{\text{Syn-c}}}^{0.6\sim 0.7}$.
Authors: Qing-Chen Long, Ai-Jun Dong, Qi-Jun Zhi
Institutions: Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou University
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,046
OpenAlex ID: W7143464409