Theory-Based Instruments to Measure Caring Behavior among Nurses and Healthcare Professionals: A Scoping Review
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Study design: Systematic Review
Abstract: ABSTRACT AimTo systematically map theory-based instruments used to measure caring behavior and to critically evaluate their theoretical foundations, psychometric properties, and applicability across healthcare contexts.DesignScoping review.MethodsA scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed across Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and ProQuest for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies were screened and analyzed to identify instruments grounded in nursing theories and to examine their validity, reliability, and contextual use. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).Data SourcesScopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and ProQuest (2020–2025).ResultsEight instruments were identified, predominantly derived from Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring (n = 6) and Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring (n = 2). All instruments demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties, particularly in terms of internal consistency and construct validity. Three key themes emerged: (1) integration of theoretical frameworks in instrument development, (2) variability in psychometric evaluation practices, and (3) cross-context applicability across nurses, students, and midwives. Despite overall reliability, inconsistencies in validation approaches and limited cross-cultural testing were identified.ConclusionTheory-based instruments provide a structured and conceptually grounded approach to measuring caring behavior. However, the dominance of specific theoretical frameworks and variability in psychometric evaluation highlight the need for more standardized and globally adaptable measurement models.Implications for the profession and/or patient careStrengthening methodological rigor and expanding cross-context validation are essential to advance the science of caring measurement in healthcare research.ImpactMeasuring caring behavior remains a methodological challenge due to its abstract and multidimensional nature. This review identifies theory-based instruments and evaluates their psychometric properties. The findings support improved measurement approaches applicable across healthcare contexts.
Source: SocArXiv (OSF Preprints)
Language: English
Subfield: Research and Theory
Field: Nursing
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7155007948