Combined clustering and association-rule analysis for hospital costs and length of stay in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage hospitalizations
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) imposes a substantial burden on inpatient resources, yet hospital costs and length of stay (LOS) are often evaluated as separate endpoints. This study aimed to identify interpretable clinical-administrative strata and recurrent high-utilization care patterns among spontaneous ICH hospitalizations. Methods This single-center retrospective cohort study included 1,851 spontaneous ICH hospitalizations from 5 November 2022 to 31 October 2024. Clustering variables were restricted to age, admission source, diagnosis-derived hemorrhage-location category, primary ventricular hemorrhage/intraventricular extension, hypertension-coded status, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease/renal failure. Cost-composition ratios, total cost, LOS, procedures, discharge disposition, departments, and acute in-hospital complications were excluded from cluster formation and reserved for descriptive analyses, adjusted modeling, or association-rule mining. Gower dissimilarities with k-medoids clustering were evaluated across K = 2–8 using elbow analysis, average silhouette coefficient, permutation-based gap statistic, subsampling stability, cluster size, clinical interpretability, and parsimony. Results The K = 3 solution was retained as the parsimonious working solution, with the highest average silhouette coefficient among K = 2-7 (0.440), a 14.7% reduction in within-cluster dissimilarity from K = 2, acceptable subsampling stability (mean adjusted Rand index, 0.702), and no small outlier cluster (minimum n = 308). The three strata were emergency-presentation ( n = 450), hypertension-uncoded/lobar-leaning ( n = 308), and non-emergency hypertension-coded/deep-ICH ( n = 1,093). Unadjusted total cost and LOS differed across clusters, but these differences were attenuated after adjustment for sex, payment method, admission department, secondary-diagnosis burden, complications, and procedures. High-cost and prolonged-LOS association rules were dominated by tracheostomy-centered combinations involving DVT/PE, CVC/PICC, chronic kidney disease/renal failure, pneumonia, respiratory failure, or major neurosurgery. Discussion This pathway-oriented framework organized ICH hospitalizations into interpretable baseline clinical-administrative strata and identified recurrent comorbidity/procedure/complication patterns associated with high utilization. These findings may support risk-aware benchmarking and resource management under diagnosis-related group/diagnosis-intervention packet payment reform, although validation using granular clinical severity data is required.
Source: Frontiers in Public Health
Language: English
Subfield: Clinical Neurology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,801
OpenAlex ID: W7165129366