Development of sustainable controlled low-strength backfill materials using eco-friendly binders
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: ABSTRACT Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) is a cementitious, self-compacting, and fluid-like material used as a backfill in place of compacted soil. This study analyzes CLSM engineering qualities using industrial wastes GGBS and WFS. The Paste Volume Ratio (PVR) ranged from 0.5 to 0.55, the Portland cement to Cementitious material (pc/cm) ratio was kept constant at 0.1, and the Water to Cementitious material (w/cm) ratio varied from 0.8 to 1. Trial research set the w/cm ratio. Segregation increases with w/cm greater than 1 and workability decreases at 0.5. We examined how PVR and w/cm ratio affect flowability, bleeding, density, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Experimental results show that the produced CLSM mixtures flowed from 282 mm to 450 mm and bled 1% to 2.3%. The mixtures had a density of 1242–1343 kg/m3. Compressive strength at 28 days ranged from 4.81 to 7.95 MPa, with M2 Mix being strongest. CLSM matrix internal compactness varied between 2.741 km/s and 3.631 km/s, as measured by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The created CLSM combinations meet ACI 229R criteria, proving that GGBS and WFS can provide a sustainable CLSM with good fresh and hardened qualities.
Source: Matéria (Rio de Janeiro)
Language: English
Subfield: Civil and Structural Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7201854690