Work

The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co‑Infection on the Pathogen Spectrum and Outcomes of Severe Community‑Acquired Pneumonia: Insights from Metagenomic Next‑Generation Sequencing

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Purpose: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) causes high morbidity and mortality. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) data comparing pathogen profiles in SCAP between people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) and HIV-uninfected individuals remain scarce. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 72 SCAP patients at Kunming Third People’s Hospital. We compared alpha diversity of respiratory microbiota, pathogen spectrum and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) between the two groups. We also assessed whether HIV infection was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality. Results: mNGS detected pathogens in 70 of 72 patients (97.2%). PLWH showed higher detection rates of Pneumocystis jirovecii ( p < 0.001), Human gammaherpesvirus 4 (EBV) ( p = 0.013), and Human betaherpesvirus 5 (CMV) ( p < 0.001). Among the 54 SCAP patients who survived 30 days, HRU metrics did not differ between groups. Elevated D-dimer level was an independent risk factor for 30-day mortality in SCAP patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.004– 1.030; p = 0.0127). Conclusion: HIV co‑infection in SCAP patients is associated with a distinct pathogen spectrum but does not affect HRU or 30‑day mortality. Elevated D‑dimer level is an independent risk factor for 30‑day mortality in SCAP patients. Keywords: severe community-acquired pneumonia, PLWH, respiratory tract infection, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, pathogen spectrum

Source: Infection and Drug Resistance

DOI: 10.2147/idr.s599541