Work

Heterogeneous alkali catalyst synthesis from chicken bone and eggshell mixture for biodiesel production via simultaneous castor seed oil extraction and transesterification

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Heterogeneous catalyst plays a vital role in transesterification process, especially in case of cost and reusability. In this study, heterogeneous solid base catalyst was prepared through wet impregnation process and the produced catalyst was used for simultaneous castor seed oil extraction and transesterification process. Thermogravimetric analysis for chicken bone and eggshell was performed to identify the common decomposition temperature range. The impregnation was performed using 5, 7 and 11 wt% of KOH with calcined chicken bone-eggshell mixture at 900 °C under impregnating temperature ranges of room temperature, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C. The catalyst prepared by impregnating 7 wt% of potassium hydroxide in calcined chicken bone-eggshell mixture as a support was found to show the best catalyst activity among the prepared catalysts. The characterization of KOH-impregnated, calcined and raw chicken bone-eggshell mixture was conducted by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Catalytic performance of the catalyst was evaluated by simultaneous extraction and transesterification of castor seed using methanol as reactant and solvent. Box-behnken design of the response surface methodology was employed to investigate the effect of reaction time, catalyst dosage and methanol to oil molar ratio on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Maximum yield of 97.96% was obtained at the optimum condition of methanol to oil molar ratio of 319.69, catalyst dosage of 3.06% and reaction time of 7.32 h with fixed stirring speed of 400 rpm and 65 °C reaction temperature. The produced FAME under optimum condition was characterized by using FTIR and gas Chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis. The selected catalyst has been reused successfully for three catalytic cycles.

Source: Results in Chemistry

DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2026.103763

Authors: Ayene Derbe Semaw, Tayto Mindahun Erde, Ali Shemsedin Reshad

Institution: Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

Language: English

Topic: Biodiesel Production and Applications

Subfield: Fuel Technology

Field: Energy

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Responsible consumption and production, Affordable and clean energy

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,870