Higher-order thinking skills from teachers’ perspectives in 21st-century Türkiye: Skill priorities, student profiles, and developmental factors
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: This study aims to identify teachers’ perceptions of students’ higher-order thinking (H-OT) skills, the characteristics of students who demonstrate these skills, and the factors that foster their development. It also examines whether teachers’ rankings vary by sex, professional seniority, and school type. A sequential exploratory mixed-methods design was employed. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews informed the development of a ranking-judgment scale. In the quantitative phase, data were collected from 405 teachers working in Türkiye and analyzed using the rank-order judgment scaling method. The findings indicated that creative thinking was ranked as the most important H-OT skill, followed by critical thinking, metacognitive thinking, problem-solving, and analytical thinking. Teachers described students with H-OT skills mainly as multidimensional thinkers, inquisitive, self-confident, and articulate. Parental attitudes, student personality, and social environment emerged as the most influential developmental factors. Group comparisons showed that teachers’ views differed only in selected skills, student profiles, and developmental factors. These findings may inform classroom practices, teacher education, and policy efforts aimed at promoting H-OT skills through inquiry-based learning, school–family cooperation, and enriched learning environments.
Authors: Ömür Kaya Kalkan, Emre Toprak
Institutions: Pamukkale University, Erciyes University
Language: English
Subfield: Education
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
SDG: Quality education
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7203552775