The Invisible Idol: Tawḥīd, Tawakkul, and Modern Bureaucratic Dependence
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This extended research summary presents the conceptual architecture and principal argument of the article “The Invisible Idol: Tawḥīd, Tawakkul, and Modern Bureaucratic Dependence.” The study develops a constructive Muslim theological account of hidden idolatry in modern institutional life, focusing on the distinction between lawful use of created means and inward dependence upon them. Drawing on the Qurʾān, hadith, al-Ghazālī, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn al-Qayyim, and Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh, it examines how bureaucratic visibility, continuous evaluation, and concentrated institutional power can distort causal perception and the hierarchy of fear, hope, and reliance. The article distinguishes lawful use of means, disordered reliance, the risk of hidden or minor shirk, and major shirk, while explicitly rejecting the use of this framework to judge particular individuals. It proposes a four-stage response based on conceptual clarification, inward reorientation, ethical action through iḥsān, and renewed tawakkul. The complete manuscript is currently under peer review; this Zenodo record makes available only the extended summary and does not reproduce the submitted manuscript in full.
Author: Ibn Musa, Salah
Language: English
Subfield: Religious studies
Field: Arts and Humanities
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7203557907